Research Methodology For Qualitative Research Design

CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction Chapter two provides a detailed description of the research methods and procedures used to conduct this study. Major sections of this chapter include a rationale for qualitative research design, a description of the setting and participants, an overview of research design, a description of the IRB approval process, data collection methods, methods for data analysis and synthesis, and ethical and trust considerations. The purpose of the proposed study is to: (a) understand the alignment between instructional designers’ knowledge and demonstrated implementation of MLPs better; and, to (b) understand the factors that influence instructional designers’ intent and actual implementation of MLPs in†¦show more content†¦Thus, qualitative interviewing is centered on the idea that participant perspectives and opinions are meaningful (Brayda Boyce, 2014). Moreover, qualitative interviewing enabled the researcher to gain a deeper understanding of concepts that are not eas ily discernable, such as intention and feelings (Brayda Boyce, 2014). This required that the researcher listened carefully to participant responses to be able to guide the discussion and ensure that relevant topics were discussed. It was also relevantt for the researcher to listen closely to be able to ask relevant follow-up question to solicit a deeper understanding of participant beliefs (Dempsey, Dowling, Larkin, Murphy, 2016). Qualitative Study Characteristics This study adhered to the benchmark characteristic of qualitative study. Foremost, this study was conducted in the natural setting. Specifically, the data collection during this study took place in the instructional designers’ workplace, the site where study participants experienced the issues described in this study. Conducting the study in the natural environment enabled the researcher to gain a deeper understanding of the factors, such as organizational support, that may contribute to instructionalShow MoreRelatedThe Social Construction Of Experience1437 Words   |  6 PagesIn particular, qualitative researchers tend to focus more on the social-constructed reality and the contextual influence, interaction and constraints between the researcher(s) and the participants. They are interested in finding answers to questions that focus on the â€Å"social construction of experience and how meaning is created† (Cooper White, 2012, p. 15). However, quantitative researcher s â€Å"emphasize measurement and analysis, and focus on product rather than process† (Cooper White, 2012, p.Read MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Design1695 Words   |  7 PagesResearchers employ a number of research methodologies to carry out, test, analyze and describe phenomena they are interested in studying. 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Paradigms are the philosophical underpinning that guides qualitative researchRead MoreResearch Methodology Used For Research1207 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Methodology Introduction This chapter discusses the methodology used for this research. Describing type of methodology in research study and define the chosen method and approach for this research. Then, the outline of research strategy used, framework this research conducted and data sources collected to obtain valid and reliable research as the objective determined. Review of Research of Methodology Broadly speaking, there are several purpose of research. It depends on the objectiveRead MoreEssay on Qualitative and Quantitative Research889 Words   |  4 Pages Qualitative and Quantitative study designs both can be beneficial in research design. They both provide valuable options for researchers in the field. These techniques can either be used separately in a research study or they can be combined to achieve maximum information. 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The research conducted by Palese, SkrapRead MoreMiddle School Literacy Coaching From The Coach s Perspectives767 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This critique is based on the research study, Middle School Literacy Coaching from the Coach’s perspectives. In this study, Smith (2012) designed a study to investigate middle school literacy coaches’ perspectives. He was looking at the coaches’ efforts to promote teacher change and how it impacted classroom practice. The topic was stated in the first paragraph of the article making it clearly stated for the reader to find. The research problem evolved when there was a growth in the

Symbolism In The Scarlet Letter - 1101 Words

Scarlet Letter Symbolism Essay Nathaniel Hawthorne was a writer in the 1800s, an anti-transcendentalist, and the great-nephew of John Hathorne, a judge in the Salem Witch Trials. Hawthorne is obsessed with Puritanism and, due to being obsessed, bases all his writings on Puritan towns. All of his stories take place in New England in the 1600s, before the Salem Witch Trials; The Scarlet Letter is one of these stories. In his novel, The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the symbolism of the Wild Rosebush, Hester’s Cabin, and the sunlight and the forest to contribute to the overall theme of imperfection. To begin, Hawthorne uses the Wild Rosebush to contribute to the overall theme of imperfection. The Wild Rosebush is a symbol for good†¦show more content†¦Hawthorne describes Pearl’s response by saying,†Pearl knew well enough who made her †¦ closed her lips, or impelled her to speak words amiss †¦ finally announced that she had not been made at all, but had been plucked by her mother off the bush of wild roses that grew by the prison door†(Hawthorne 102). In the quote Pearl, despite her innocence, does wrong by blaspheming. The quote shows how she is something beautiful coming out of the dark. Both of these quotes and the symbol of the Wild Rosebush show how good and evil max together, to make everything imperfect. Furthermore, Hawthorne uses Hester’s Cabin to add to the theme of imperfection. Hester’s Cabin represents Hester. It symbolizes how she is on the line between good and evil and society and nature with the physical placement of Hester’s Cabin being on the edge between the town and the forest. Hawthorne uses Hester’s Cabin to show the reader Hester’s state of mind. He describes the Cabin’s location when he says,†On the outskirts of the town †¦ was a small thatched cottage †¦ on the shore †¦ A clump of scrubby trees†(Hawthorne 74). By being on the outskirts of town Hester’s Cabin shows how disconnected Hester is from society. In describing the Cabin as partially hidden by trees, Hawthorne show how close Hester is to evil. Hawthorne displays exactly what mental place Hester is in after leaving the prison. Hester is still good and part of theShow MoreRelatedSymbolism In The Scarlet Letter1247 Words   |  5 Page sSymbolism in The Scarlet Letter Symbolism is simply defined as the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities. Symbolism is a common occurrence in literary works and many books use symbolism to express mystical ideas, emotions, and states of mind. As in most literary works, symbolism also appears in The Scarlet Letter. There is lots of symbolism used in The Scarlet Letter to convey multiple things and to express many ideas. Symbolism can be found everywhere in The Scarlet Letter and many ofRead MoreSymbolism Of The Scarlet Letter753 Words   |  4 PagesThe Scarlet Letter: Symbolism of the Scarlet ‘A’ Symbolism has many different meanings, and the Scarlet ‘A’ in â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† has many different meanings as well. Hester Prynne is the main character who is forced to wear the scarlet letter as remembrance for the crime and the sin that she has committed. This letter completely ruined her reputation in her community. How could a small piece of fabric do so much harm? This letter was a representation of something much greater than the letter ‘A’Read MoreScarlet Letter And Symbolism1045 Words   |  5 PagesThe Scarlet Letter and Symbolism Nathaniel Hawthorne uses many forms of symbolism in his book The Scarlet Letter. Symbolism is, according to Merriam-Webster, â€Å"the art or practice of using symbols, especially by investing things with a symbolic meaning or by expressing the invisible or intangible by means of visual or sensuous representations.† This means that the author was using objects to represent an action or idea. The symbols used in his book is either all physical or visible objects. ManyRead MoreSymbolism In The Scarlet Letter1401 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism in The Scarlet Letter Symbolism is a literary style that uses symbols to represent ideas or qualities. Symbolism plays a very important part in The Scarlet Letter because it uses the characters to develop the main idea of the story. The symbols used by Nathaniel Hawthorne help the reader to visualize and understand the meaning of the story. Hawthorne uses Hester Prynne, Pearl, and Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale as symbols throughout the book. They are the main characters of the story andRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter Symbolism725 Words   |  3 PagesSymbolism of the â€Å"A† In the novel, â€Å" the scarlet letter†, Hester was being criticized by other women in her town. The people in Hester’s town believed that she had an affair with another man while she was in a relationship with her spouse and she was accused for being unfaithful and committed adultery with that man. Hester Prynne was forced to wear a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her chest to show that she was unfaithful and that she committed adultery. The scarlet letter is a symbol of the sin she hadRead MoreSymbolism in the Scarlet Letter3886 Words   |  16 PagesSymbolism of The Scarlet Letter A symbol is a literary device which is employed to portray another object or individual. In the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, it is most often a tangible object he uses to represent an undefined idea, complex in scope and significance. More times than not, it represents reverent, profound, or virtuous concepts of merit. From the substitution of one idea or object for another, to creations as massive, complex, and perplexing as the veil in the Ministers BlackRead MoreSymbolism In The Scarlet Letter. Symbolism Is The Use Of1085 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in The Scarlet Letter Symbolism is the use of an object, character, or event to represent something else. Nathaniel Hawthorne, without a doubt, uses symbolism throughout the course of the novel, The Scarlet Letter. The novel takes place in a Puritan community in present-day Boston. Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth, and Pearl are the main characters. They all have major roles and without them, the novel would not be the same. Hester Prynne; married to Roger ChillingworthRead MoreSymbolism in The Scarlet Letter1079 Words   |  5 PagesFrom fairy tales to mythologies, fables to romance to even the simplest short stories of a third grader’s book, almost all of them often comprise a scheme of Heroes vs. Villains, and Good vs. Evil. Similarly, The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne also contains many of the same situations and characters with their own symbolic meanings that allow them to express strong and demanding feelings through the symbols that they carry. Hester Prynne, w hom appears as a sinful woman, a shame to the societyRead MoreSymbolism in The Scarlet Letter Essay1252 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism can be defined as a figure, character, or object that is used to represent complex or abstract ideas. By expressing an idea in the form of an image, the reader can visualize the concept more concretely. The old expression, â€Å"a picture is worth a thousand words,† applies to symbolism as the author creates a visual representation of ideas. The use of symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter helps to illuminate the overall meaning of the work. At the beginning of the book, theRead MoreSymbolism Of Forest And The Scarlet Letter1051 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism of Forest’s Aspects in Relation to the scarlet l`etter A In the Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne discusses the hurdles Hester Prynne, the protagonist, goes through due to her sinful nature with her child, the mocking Puritans, and the past always creeping up on her. Often these obstacles appear when she is in the forest, making it a very critical locality in the book. Nathaniel Hawthorne brilliantly uses symbolism to convey how the three main aspects of the forest—the stream, the logs

FN Swot Free Essays

Strategy – Multi Industry and Multi expansion strategy Over 130 years, FN has become a household name in Singapore and Malaysia. Recognising the constraints of growth in these markets, it started to embark on regional expansion for long-term sustainable growth. It is precisely this multi-industry, multi-location strategy that has helped FN survive the economic downturn and scale new heights in profitability. We will write a custom essay sample on FN Swot or any similar topic only for you Order Now Source: http://www. raserandneave. com/FN_investor_r_faqs. asp Capabilities FN remains steadfast in its multiple-business model. Its mission is to be a leading Asian-based company focused on a balanced portfolio comprising Food Beverage, Properties and Publishing Printing, with significant business presence in overseas markets and renowned for its product quality, brands, sound management and reputation of delivering value to all its stakeholders. Whilst our three  businesses may appear seemingly unrelated, we have built up market leadership positions in each of our business as well as strategic capabilities over the years in brand management, extensive marketing expertise, distribution networks, and financial strength and discipline, which are applicable to all our businesses. FN is one of the few companies with brands that transcend borders. Our priority is to drive earnings, placing emphasis on being asset-light, growing in newer geographical markets, product extensions,   sound capital management and maintaining a balanced business portfolio. FN is looking at monetising its investment properties progressively and redeploying the proceeds to higher-yielding ventures within the three businesses. With sustained earnings growth, FN can continue to pay generous dividends to shareholders. http://www. just-drinks. com/comment/comment-fraser-neave-ready-to-spread-its-wings_id105191. aspx Strengths | Weaknesses | 1. Diversified business operations coupled with widespread geographic presence 2. Leading market position garnered on strongbrand name 3. Ability to sustain proftable businessexpansion contributing to strong financial performance 4. innovative sales and marketing initiatives| 1. Decreased revenues due to dependence on soft drink cola product offering. 2. Structural changes due to recent takeover could bring a change in management. Key shareholders are still deciding to stay or leave. These moves have shaken confidence in the company’s leadership and destroyed a ton of shareholder value. Read more:  http://www. businessinsider. com/10-companies-with-huge-management-red-flags-2012-2? p=1#ixzz2OWcgkIZ3| Opportunities | Threats | Unlocking value by divesting interest inunprofitable businessGrowing demand for alternative lifestyle beverages driven by increasing healthconsciousness| Increasing food and raw material prices especially sugar in Malaysia. Intense competition in soft drinks industry| Revenue for the year ended September 30, 2012, was expectedly lower at RM3. 24 billion, a 17 per cent drop, while operatin g profit slipped 50 per cent to RM231 million from RM458 million in the corresponding period last year. Given the absence of RM544 million in revenue from the Coca-Cola business, a 200-day cessation of production at our flood-hit Dairies Thailand facility along with the recovery process of insurance claims, absence of property income and relocation of Dairies Malaysia’s manufacturing operations, the dip in revenue was only 4 per cent while operating profit was 19 per cent lower relative to the same period in the previous year. In FY2011, the company’s total revenues decreased 4. 9%, largely impacted by revenue decreases in Europe and the US and Canada. During the year, revenues from Europe decreased 5. 6% compared to the previous years, while revenues from the US and Canada decreased 10. 4% over the past year. Nestle, which has its principal operations concentrated in Europe, is highly prone to risks arising out of the ongoing economic crisis. Mr Charoen – who controls the Thai Charoen Group – took up the role with immediate effect, replacing Mr Lee Hsien Yang, who resigned as chairman on Tuesday, FN said in a statement How to cite FN Swot, Essay examples

Effects Of Crisis On Human Functioning - Crisis Intervention Strategi

Question: Discuss about theCrisis Intervention. Answer: Introduction: A crisis is a condition in which a person experiences an abrupt loss of ability to use problem solving and life skills. There are some events that can be considered crisis situations. These events include life-threatening conditions such as sexual assault, natural disasters, medical illnesses, criminal victimization, thoughts of suicide and changes in relationships. Geral Caplan defined crisis as an obstacle that cannot be overcome by the use of standard problem-solving methods (Kanel, 2015). That said, crisis intervention is a method that is used to give a short term instant help to people who are experiencing distressful events that lead to emotional, physical, mental and behavioral problems. Mostly, crisis affects everyone, and its intervention can be done in many ways including the following: Use of professional counseling, providing family help and support strategies (Blalock, 2014). These policies aim at assisting the client to manage crisis which may otherwise lead to behavior al, psychological and physiological effects of trauma on the person and the environment. Effects of Crisis on Human Functioning Crisis is associated with the disruption of human behavior and how an individual perceives and respond to a situation. According to Murphy et al., (2012) the consequences of the crisis on human functioning are classified as either immediate or long term. The immediate effects of the crisis are devastating. Such effects include the development of stressful conditions that contributes to the inability of an individual to make decisions, failure to act normally and lack the capacity to sustain life. That said, the fear of the unknown may deter a person in a crisis from asking support from other individuals and colleagues. Also, illness may set in due to changes in the eating and sleeping patterns (Jongsma, 2012). Depression that develops due to a crisis may also lead to suicidal thoughts and withdrawal. If not managed early, the stress-related crisis may become severe and consequently result in long-term impacts such as poor life decisions, avoidance of relationship, insomnia, chronic p hysical pain, lack of self-confidence as well as eating disorders. Basic Crisis Intervention Strategies According to Myer and James (2005), there are nine crisis intervention strategies. To begin with, the skills for listening and responding to clients are considered the backbone of these strategies. Notably, use of these strategies depends heavily on the context of events. Such plans include creating awareness to make the client familiar with the repressed and denied feelings, behaviors, and thoughts that have put them on the action. Secondly, giving clients the opportunity to vent thoughts and feeling is considered one of the best therapeutic strategies for use in a crisis situation. This remedy is achieved by giving the client a safe and an accepting environment; an indication of an acceptance of the clients feelings and thoughts. In the third strategy providing support to the client is the point of focus (James, Gilliland 2012). Also, it is important to validate the clients response to her situation. Consequently, this process should avoid an impression that the caregiver supports lethal or injurious behaviors. In the fourth strategy, increasing the expansion by engaging the client in actions which may help them expand how they view the situation is the priority. In this way, the clients can reconsider their problems and obtain a different view of the situation. The fifth strategy involves emphasizing focus to prevent the client from talking about many issues in their life which are irrelevant to the current situation. Again, the provision of direction is vital in this situation. It is widely accepted that the clients in crisis need guidance and direction. Through this, you empower the client by giving them the information they did not have before. The next strategy involves promotion of mobilization which the caregiver attempts to organize the clients personal resources and to apply external support systems to help in developing coping skills. The implementing order is the eighth and equally a critical strategy. In this case, the client is assisted to categorize problems to help deal with the crisis in a logical and systematic manner. Finally, provision of protection is a key strategy in the dealing with an emergency situation. The role of the worker, in this case, is to prevent the client from developing harmful, detrimental, destructive and unsafe feelings that may harm others (James, 2008). The Seven Tasks Hybrid Crisis Intervention Model In the process of crisis intervention, seven critical stages are used to master, resolve and to stabilize the crisis. According to Myer, James Moulton (2010) these steps in crisis intervention include contract initiation, crisis definition, giving support, exploring alternatives, developing an action plan, obtaining commitments and doing a follow-up. The individual steps involved in the seven task hybrid system of crisis intervention are outlined as below: Contact initiation; in a crisis, building a rapport with the client is very essential. It is the first part in crisis management. It should be done as quickly as possible to allow the caregiver to develop a relationship with the person in a crisis. It also helps establish an effective mode of communication with the client. In this process, the worker develops a good understanding of the situation and creates clients needs. Importantly, the patients safety and lethality are assessed at this stage. A quick and extensive biophysical assessment is also done to identify the stressors, substance use, medications, medical issues and the current management strategies. In case there is a concern on suitability, it is important to find out what thoughts might the reasons behind these feelings; find out on the intention, how advance is the intention, current plans, past attempts to commit suicide as well as other predisposing factors such as social isolation, employment problems, divorce and us e of drugs of abuse. Problem identification; when finding out what the details about the problem, a discussion is initiated to determine the clients feeling about their situation hence helping the worker develop a more understanding of the crisis. Establishing the needs of the client and the level of effect from the crisis also takes place at this stage. In the course of problem identification, many questions are asked to find out why the crisis happened, what other problems the client is undergoing. Again, problem identification is also necessary as it helps the worker to categorize the problems and determine which one to start with. Giving support; it is important to act on the crisis as soon as possible, giving support to the client involves providing social, psychological, logistical as well as support for information about the crisis. In this process the client is given a chance to talk, to listen and to be heard. Their feelings should be understood hence determining their needs and providing the best support. To achieve this, active listening, as well as other skills such as reflective listening and paraphrasing, is vital Exploring alternatives; developing options that can help improve the situation in a better way is one an important step in the management of a crisis. The worker and the client reach an agreement on better methods of improving the condition. This process involves brainstorming sessions on possibilities of using the solutions used to solve the situation in the past. Other alternative needs of the client such as therapy, medication treatment resource and need to join support groups are assessed. Action plan; an action plan is an essential process in ensuring that the corrective actions are implemented, and the recurrence of the problem is prevented. It involves a transition from crisis to a resolution. Assisting the client through the crisis helps in faster recovery. It also imparts in them life skills on how to overcome a similar situation in future. Commitment; commitment to solving the crisis is vital in crisis management. The client needs to commit on their willingness to embrace the provided support. This puts the client in a better position to cope with the situation. Follow up; monitoring the effectiveness of the proposed action should be done promptly. It helps keep live communication with the client to help identify and address clients challenges before they worsen. Follow-up can be done in many ways; a post-crisis evaluation assesses the clients current situation, progress and how satisfied the client is with management. Either personal visits or phone calls at a particular interval (Myer, James Moulton, 2010). Analysis of the Seven Task Hybrid Model The seven stages are sequential, and they overlap in the process of resolving a crisis. The tasks are done in numerical order beginning from the first to the last job. Also, this task can be done in order that depends on the status of the crisis. The primary objective is to do a cause analysis leading to effective management of the problem and developing a sustainability plan to prevent recurrence of the similar crisis. In the hybrid model, the assessment of the situation and the status of the client is a continuous process that runs through the entire duration of the crisis period. In the process, the psychologist spearheads a continuous risk assessment with emphasis on how the client responds to the crisis and the environment. The hybrid model is characterized with rational evaluation and decision making. This assessment focuses on the challenges that the client face as a result of the severity of the crisis. This model allows for a detailed interaction with the patient to understa nd clients situation including psychosocial status, support systems, coping skills and alternative methods (Myer, James Moulton, 2010). Notably, in this model, the emphasis is put on urgency, assertiveness, intentionally, complete assessment, and acting in a systematic way to assist the client to obtain pre-crisis equilibrium autonomy and mobility as quick as possible. In the process of identifying clients state, the antonyms; disequilibrium and immobility are use in many cases to explain clients state. Though the hybrid equilibrium model has been used for a while, its implementation has faced particular problems, one major problem faced is related to the fact that crisis is linear. In many cases, crisis intervention is associated with chaos theory in which resolving the crisis using the progressive linear plan is not easily done. As a result, the combined linear model with the systems model (Mayer, James Moulton, 2011), the hybrid model is a better method for crisis intervention. Also, the strict linear model needs to have each step discrete and sequential from one step to another while using certain techniques in every step; crisis intervention is characterized by unexpected issues which challenge the discrete and stepwise techniques. Conclusion Summing up, crisis intervention models exist in many versions. All patterns in crisis intervention are guided by a particular theory. The models used in crisis intervention take into consideration problem-solving processes which can be used to do an assessment on any crisis (James, 2013). The Seven Tasks of Assessment model of crisis intervention is used to evaluate clients in crisis. The model provides a support technique which helps client to determine and manage crisis situations. In this model, it is important for the person in crisis to cooperate and participate to ensure the success of the process. References Blalock, D. (2014).SCPHCA Conference. Retrieved August 31, 2016, from https://www.scphca.org/media/92733/crisis_intervention__and_debriefing_-blalock.pdf James, R. (2008). Crisis intervention strategies 6 th edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson. James, R. K., Gilliland, B. E. (2012).Crisis intervention strategies(7th ed.). Retrieved August 31, 2016, from https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=E2sKf-sexZwCpg=PA51lpg=PA51dq=hybrid model must be by Myer, James and Moultonsource=blots=_nd5k0u5Lssig=O5rHIm8FLi9UBYmajuB1L3gqX4Ehl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=hybrid model must be by Myer, James and Moultonf=false Jongsma, A. E. (2012).The crisis counseling and traumatic events treatment planner(2nd ed.). Retrieved August 31, 2016, from https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=TsPwQeV_sS8Cpg=PA72lpg=PA72dq=Myer, R. A., James, R. K., Moulton,source=blots=q2VvrDuMi6sig=HQekHvcUXXginrU_xLJ1lTAPydYhl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Myer, R. A., James, R. K., Moulton,f=false Kanel, K. (2015).A guide to crisis intervention(4th ed.). Retrieved August 29, 2016, from https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=enlr=id=oVM8AwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR5dq=Crisis interventionots=gqpuAFBk8ysig=7P6TNLUyZ5xnjbwVFx36VFJD89Aredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Crisis intervention=false Murphy, S., Irving, C. B., Adams, C. E., Driver, R. (2012). Crisis intervention for people with severe mental illnesses.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001087.pub4 Myer, R.A. James, R.K. (2005). Crisis intervention workbook and CD-ROM. Belmont, CA: ThomsonBrooks/Cole. Myer, R. A., James, R. K., Moulton, P. (2010). This is Not a Fire Drill; crisis Inter-Vention and prevention on college campus Hoboken, NJ; John Wiley sons doi: 10.1002/9781118269909