Modern technologys effect on ecology :: essays research papers

?It is because of those scientists? inventions.??Modern technology owes ecology an apology?This is what some people say when the read the news about haze, deforestation, liquidation of flora and fauna and global warming. They blame modern technology, the materials and ideas developed in the last century to assist humans in their activities, for the deterioration of ecology. The ecological bicycle has been very much disturbed by the developments humankind bemuse achieved. Despite these allegations, we should stop and think, does modern technology really owe ecology an apology? For what apprehension does it owe ecology an apology? Is it because it took away its attractiveness and reduced attention and respect to nature?s beauty? Is it because it harmed the environment? Has all modern technology harmed Mother Nature? I think modern technology does owe ecology an apology as some but not all of it has negatively affected the ecology.First of all, let?s examine the consequences of modern technology on the environment. Modern technology indeed has harmed the environment. It created bulldozers, cranes, guns, nuclear weapons and other dangerous equipments that have been used by man to clear forests for the sake of urbanization. Nuclear weapons that have been used in wars such as the one that was detonated in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 has go away a huge impact on the environment.

XFL †What the Hell? Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Sports paperes

XFL What the Hell?Vince McMahon is at it again. Vince McMahon, the head of the World Wrestling Federation, is move to work his marketing virtuoso by establishing a new professional football league, the XFL. This extreme football league with all-access media coverage, hard-hitting action, and fast-paced wide-open offense is supposed to be the next great entertainment frenzy. I, for one, think this league will be flop after a season or two for many reasons such as lack of fan interest, poor quality players, and lack of real football.Vince McMahons WWF is a multi-million dollar corporation and has been wildly successful in capturing the sports entertainment market. Monday wickedness Raw, the weekly soap opera on TNN, is one of the three most watched cable shows each week. In addition, the WWF has weekly wrestling shows on UPN and MTV. Personally, I am caught up in the phenomenon. I set aside my Monday evenings to watch Monday Night Football and professional wrestling. I enjo y attempting to figure out the storylines before they reach out and attempt to guess the action that may happen in the next segment.Surprisingly, many Americans share my point of sop up and enjoy this sort of entertainment. The WWFs fondness market personality is an American male, between the ages of 12-35, very similar to professional football. The WWF provides high flying action, crushing hits, and exciting finishes not much different than the NFL. Vince McMahon is attempting to widen the short NFL season and capture Americas passion for football while marketing more of his merchandise - not the best business judgment in my view.The XFL is to begin play the week after the Super Bowl, Saturday, February 3, 2001. The league will be comprise... ...e McMahon will spend millions of dollars in a campaign to toady fan interest and support and very little return on investment will occur. Yes, the first season may be successful with the all-access view of football and little ou tside sporting competition. However, America will soon recognize that the XFL games have poor quality talent and that it is just Vince McMahon and Dick Ebersol trying to make a few extra bucks at the expense of the American public. I believe that this league will fold after its second season. As an accountant and an economist, I wish Vince and Dick the best of luck in marketing this gem. I hope they are able to make the XFL profitable and maybe change the face of competitive sports with the flare the WWF provides. However, they will have to do so without one avid football and professional wrestling fan bread and butter their endeavor, ME

The Use of Laughter in Poetry by Langston Hughes Essay -- Biography Bi

The Use of Laughter in Poetry by Langston Hughes Jessie Fauset explains in her essay The Gift of Laughter that black clowning developed non as a method for blacks to make mickle laugh, but as a necessary emotional outlet for black people to express their struggles and hardships. The funny man took on a much more serious emotion than appeared on the surface level. Comedy was one of the few center black people had available to them to express themselves. The paradoxical definition of laughter is applicable to all human beings the limited means of expression is unique to those in an inferior place in society, such as the black Americans of the Harlem Renaissance. In a sense, what makes the struggles represented by the black comedian comic is the white earreach members ability to retain mastery over himself and the situation (Swabey 184). The white audience can laugh at the struggles and hardships on stage because of their refusal to accept the role they wear played in th e oppressions that caused them. Marie Collins Swabey also writes in her book Comic Laughter that By uncovering neglected hypocrisies, illusions, vanities, and deceptions in the behavior of persons and societies...while making us laugh, also removes in part our blindness with regard to genuine factual and moral weaknesses in mankind (11). Generally speaking, comedy makes us aware of certain character flaws. Fauset entertains this idea in her essay by wondering, ...if this picture of the black American as a living comic supplement has not been sundry(a) in order to camouflage the real feeling and knowledge of his white compatriot (161). Whether or not the black comedy of the Harlem Renaissance caused an epiphany for the white audience is not cl... ...nd His Continuing Influence. Ed. C. James Trotman. New York Garland Publishing Inc., 1995. 119-129. Phelps, Thomas C. An Introduction to Arnold Rampersad. Langston Hughes The Man, His Art, and His Continuing Influence. Ed. C. James Trotman. New York Garland Publishing Inc., 1995. 19-34. Rampersad, Arnold, ed., and David Roessell, assoc. ed. The Collected Poems ofLangston Hughes. New York vintage Books, 1994. Simpson, J.A., and E.S.C. Weiner, eds. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd Edition. Vol. VIII. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1989. Swabey, Marie Collins. Comic Laughter. Archon Books, 1970. Tracy, Stephen C. Langston Hughes Poetry, Blues, and Gospel--Somewhere to Stand. Trotman, C. James, ed. Langston Hughes TheMan, His Art, and His Continuing Influence. New York Garland Publishing Inc., 1995 51-61.

Saving Black Mesa :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Saving Black MesaWorks Cited Missing To the northeast erupt of Arizona lay a conflict between two indigenous groups from the surrounding area and the worlds largest coal company formerly cognize as Peabody Coal (now Peabody Energy). The Hopi and Navajo reservations surround a region known as Black Mesa. Black Mesa is located on both the Navajo and Hopi Reservations which is a lead source for underground water called the N-aquifer. The N-aquifer contains a great amount of pristine Ice Age water. As time drew on, many indigenous pack were alarmed that the water was carelessly being depleted from their land. Mining on Black Mesa should be stopped because the inhabitants are affected by Peabody, origin in the area must depend on the local springs, groundwater is being depleted at an average of 3.3 million gallons per day, and the water is being contaminated (SBMW Online equivalence 1). In the beginning, the Black Mesa region expanded from the Hopi Reservat ion in to Navajo borders. On the borderline between the Navajo and Hopi two were at constant disagreements over the conduct of territory. Based on three Arizonan judges, the land was to be proclaimed as Joint Use Area which lasted 15 years from 1962 to 1977, between the two tribes. liquid not content the two groups had bitter political feelings towards one another. In 1977 the land was divided by giving the Hopi tribe 900,000 acres, accounting for most of the land. two tribes shared the mineral deposits and as little land as the Navajo tribe had acquired from the settlement, Hopi land in all is an island reservation surrounded by the Navajo Nation. Although having the Hopi at a major disadvantage, many of the Navajo people that lived all their lives in the present Hopi reservation had moved out (LUHNACP Online par 8). Although many people would insist that the Navajo and Hopi people had concord to let Peabody mine their land, the problem is a little more complica ted than what seems obvious. In 1966 a lawyer for the Hopi tribe by the name of John Boyden convince several members of the Navajo tribe to start a council.

How does Caryl Churchill affect the acting and production process throu

How does Caryl Churchill affect the acting and production process through her script writing Caryl Churchill has furthered feminist performance theory, in the last twenty years, and broadened traditional views of sex activity roles through her script writing. For example, her short-changes Cloud Nine and Top Girls defy traditional convention, with Cloud Nines cross-g endinger casting and Top Girls pro-Thatcherite ethos as its foundation. Churchill has affected the acting and production process in the way she has written her scripts, such as the menti geniusd pieces, and the way in which theatre is performed.Her work is heavily influenced by the practices of experimentaland physical theatre not one to make it easy for an audience, she prefers to tell a tale in a challenging, sometimes meandering way. The speech in Far Away appears very normal within the context of the piece, though the subject of the book is something that most audiences would either not understand or be di sgusted by. and in fact I killed two cats and a child under five so itwasnt that different from a mission. Joan Churchills script, for Far Away, great deal be seen to turn our present day society into a collection of barbarous individuals, sparing no exception to the animal domain and Mother Nature. One could see this as Churchills own portrayal of the War of the Worlds. Joan shows concern regarding where the loyalties of the nearby river lies. This could be seen as quite an absurd gesture, still falls into place within the context of the piece and the society in which the characters are living in. Everything on planet Earth is at war with one other. Churchills post modern script can be seen to affect the acting and production process by the way in which it transforms the actors into characters, that are orthogonal to present day society, who far more in touch with their primordial instinct of survival of the fittest in this unimaginable war.Ive shot cattle and children in Ethiopia. Ive gassed mixed troopsof Spanish, computer programmers and dogs. Ive torn starlings apart with my bare hands I could go on all day doing that, it was go bad than sex. - Todd. The characters within Churchills script appear almost quite normal at the beginning, in regards to the very start of the play where the initial convers... ...whereby at the end of the play Selby is in a managerial position. Though this was done in a more light-hearted spirit without the solemn tones that hang about Top Girls. This can be seen to be the way in which Churchills attention to current affairs in plays such as Top Girls and After Dinner mockery have affected the acting and production process. Caryl Churchill can be seen to have affected the acting and production process of todays theatre in many different ways through her script writing. The chilling vision of the future in Far Away pushes the actors into a spick-and-span world, a new approach to their character studies. Top Gir ls, a reflection of Thatcherite Britain in the late seventies and eighties, takes the actors back to a milestone for the women population of Britain. After Dinner Joke, another reflection of the fight for Third World awareness and the fight against poverty and famine in the late seventies that would lead to such projects as stage set Aid. This paper has seen how these particular scripts have affected the acting process, by pushing actors to achieve new feats, and the production process, by the way in which a play is staged and cast.

How does Caryl Churchill affect the acting and production process throu

How does Caryl Churchill affect the acting and doing serve up through her script writing Caryl Churchill has furthered feminist deed theory, in the last twenty years, and broadened traditional views of gender roles through her script writing. For example, her plays Cloud Nine and Top Girls defy traditional convention, with Cloud Nines cross-gender casting and Top Girls pro-Thatcherite ethos as its foundation. Churchill has affected the acting and product process in the government agency she has written her scripts, much(prenominal) as the mentioned pieces, and the way in which theatre is performed.Her work is heavily influenced by the practices of experimentaland physical theatre not one to make it easy for an audience, she prefers to tell a twaddle in a challenging, sometimes meandering way. The language in utmost Away appears genuinely normal within the context of the piece, though the subject of the intensity is something that most audiences would either not unde rstand or be disgusted by. and in fact I killed two cats and a child under quintuplet so itwasnt that different from a mission. Joan Churchills script, for Far Away, can be seen to turn our present day society into a collection of evil individuals, sparing no exception to the animal kingdom and Mother Nature. One could see this as Churchills own portrayal of the War of the Worlds. Joan shows concern regarding where the loyalties of the close river lies. This could be seen as quite an absurd gesture, however falls into place within the context of the piece and the society in which the characters are living in. Everything on planet Earth is at war with one another. Churchills post modern script can be seen to affect the acting and production process by the way in which it transforms the actors into characters, that are unre new-fashionedd to present day society, who far more in touch with their primordial instinct of survival of the fittest in this unimaginable war.Ive shot cat tle and children in Ethiopia. Ive gassed mixed troopsof Spanish, computer programmers and dogs. Ive torn starlings apart with my bare hands I could go on all day doing that, it was better than sex. - Todd. The characters within Churchills script appear almost quite normal at the beginning, in regards to the very start of the play where the initial convers... ...whereby at the end of the play Selby is in a managerial position. Though this was done in a more light-hearted tang without the solemn tones that hang about Top Girls. This can be seen to be the way in which Churchills attention to current affairs in plays such as Top Girls and After Dinner Joke have affected the acting and production process. Caryl Churchill can be seen to have affected the acting and production process of todays theatre in many different ways through her script writing. The chilling vision of the future in Far Away pushes the actors into a new world, a new approach to their character studies. Top G irls, a reflection of Thatcherite Britain in the late seventies and eighties, takes the actors back to a milestone for the women population of Britain. After Dinner Joke, another reflection of the fight for Third World awareness and the fight against poverty and famine in the late seventies that would lead to such projects as Band Aid. This paper has seen how these particular scripts have affected the acting process, by pushing actors to achieve new feats, and the production process, by the way in which a play is staged and cast.

Competition Bikes Cost Analysis Essay

any pargonntage is involved in w ar where some equals are incurred. In evidence for a business to allocate its selling price to its products, terms analysis is required.Costing which is a method of accounting apply by financial management is a very inseparable process. It gives a full description concerning all be incurred in the business any variable or glacial. It gives the final production equal which in yield is apply in determining the selling price of the commodities, the units to be produced which is equivalent to its market share. emulation Bikes needs to put in place a be system that is essential and economical to its production processes. Recently its using naturalized based approach which involves assigning be according to the volume of goods produced. This makes products to be the main determinant of approachs. Competition Bikes are in a dilemma whether to continue with conventional approach or shift to action at law method of belling. use system of belling divides the costs into a number of activities used in the production process. It takes an assumption that costs in an institution slang multiple determinants disparate from its production. In order for the Competition Bikes to decide whether to shift or not, an evaluation is needed where some advantages of activity costing system are considered over conventional volume method of costing. One of the gathers of adopting activity based system of costing is that it gives an undefiled computation. This is as a result of taking accounts for costs incurred in severally level of production compared to when taken at the end of the production based on the volume produced.Cost drivers are very essential tools when carrying out costing. The activity system of cost accounting gives a clear identification of the specific and precise drivers used in determining the costs. This is very weighty to any organization as inclose of costing problems, it enables the cost accountants to tr ace them which making it easy to come up with the best mechanism of controlling cost. done such analysis, its beneficial for the Competition Bikes to shift from conventional to activity method of costing which is a better system.The other area that the report takes in to consideration is the breakeven point. This is important as the company is involved with two productions i.e. Titanium Bikes and carbon lite which is done using the concept of cost-volume-profits. This analysis brings the relationship between the profits, volume of goods produced, and the organizations costs. The benefit of an analysis based on breakeven point is to enable the firm to make proper decisions concerning prices of goods produced. The analysis shows that CVP is not an effective approach. This is because it takes an assumption that the organization deals with a mavin product which is not true to many organizations. Due to this assumption, an establishment of sales ruffle must be put into place. In every production thither are two key types of costs incurred i.e. fixed and variable costs. The report examines the impact of changing them, of which it has shown that it willing have a significant effect on the costs.Costing methodThis refers to the method of reporting and financial recording. It involves the process of taking computations of the costs incurred in the process of producing goods (Chang, Pelliser, 1996 ). This costing is done by a finance manager who takes into consideration polar types of cost information and uses them in the computations. This includes costs of company overheads, labor hours and the units of production. This is a tool used by analysts to identify cost drivers and in turn use them in computing costs. Competition Bikes needs to establish an efficient method of costing which is economical and provides accurate information. In order to come up with such a method, it has to examine whether to take volume based or activity based costing.Volume based costing Its a traditional method of costing of which competition bikes is currently using in its computations. This type of approach allocates costs using the volume of goods produced. Its opposite from activity based method as it uses a single cost driver which is the add up volume of goods produced. This approach becomes very challenging to the organization when allocating costs using approach. The reason is that in costing, both variable costs and overhead costs are important, but this approach ignores overhead costs which are assign to products on the basis of their usage of direct labor. It assumes any activity without direct impact on the volume of goods produced, as it considers the main drivers to be the product. It gives inaccurate reports as its a traditional approach used in the past where overhead costs were ignored. This was as a result of these costs taking an extremely small part on the overall costs of the organization, which is different nowadays as they are significant ly high and the company cannot afford to ignore them.Its also a structure oriented approach, this implies that its more concerned with the chart of the organization rather than actual involvement in the production. It makes the process of production to be very shallow as it gives information concerning total amount of coin used, without giving clear details of why it was spent. This brings a challenge incase the company wants to introduce measures of economy costs as no clear information given. bodily function based cost accountingIts a costing method which identifies all the activities involved in the organization concerning the production of goods. It assigns every activity the cost incurred in it before giving the full cost of production. Its different from volume based which assumes products to be the main cost drivers unlike activities which are the main cost drivers. Activity based puts into consideration the overhead costs of the company enhancing their control through showi ng the relationship between activities in the organization and the costs incurred. Its an efficient method as it enables analysts to have a clear cost links between the management responsibilities, products, organizational processes, customers and other cost drivers. Unlike volume based, this approach provides accurate computations as all cost drivers are examined basing them on the cost of running the company.Another benefit of this approach is that it provides the organization with clear ways which can be used when implementing measures of cost saving (Chang, Pelliser, 1996). Its a process oriented approach as it gathers information about the costs of the firm through organizational process evaluation. Costs problems are well addressed as it provides elaborate information which is used in establishing efficient mechanisms and elaborate information relating to resources used in each activity.Organizational cost levelsUnit level its a level where cost is incurred in producing one un it of a product such as cost of cost of direct labor and materials.Batch level its a level where cost is realized after producing a batch of goods such as cost incurred in planning.Product level its a level where cost of every product is computed without considering how many units have been produced such as cost of invention the product.Facility level these are indirect costs which cannot be linked to any single product such as office expenses and indirect labor.Activity system of costing shows all the activities that leads to overheads costs of the organization. Due to this system enhancing allocation of activity cost pools, it enables computation of the fixed costs in the organization which differentiates bound costs from products costs.RecommendationThrough the analysis of the two methods of costing, Competition Bikes needs to compound from its costing method and adopt activity-based system of costing. The reason behind is that Competition Bikes have a very large portion of it s total cost being the fixed cost of over $500000 dollars. Activity based system will help in identifying the different drivers of this cost hence enabling the company to establish measures of saving costs. This approach comprises of six activities namelyfactory setups, engineering services, grapheme controls, products movements, depreciation and utilities. It also identifies cost drivers based on each activity such as setups, engineering, inspections on quality controls and by products used by the factory, which is different from volume based approach which makes it hard for the organization to implement strategies of cost saving.This system is very important as it will enable the company to have accurate costs estimations. This will provide different figures relating to fixed costs as opposed to volume based method. The system will enhance accurate computations by Competition Bikes and them to compute all costs occurring at each level that is variable costs at the unit level, cos t of control at the batch level, cost of product movement at the product level and depreciation cost at the facility level.2. A breakeven point.Its a state of affairs attained when the total cost of production of a particular product becomes equivalent to the cost of producing it. Its analysis is a very vital tool used in decision making by the business. It helps the business in determining the amount of product to be produced in order to make this product lucrative through production plans. This enables the organization to make better decisions concerning prices of the goods from the unit level.Breakeven unitsIt refers to the total number of units an organization is expected to produce in order to make the total cost equivalent to revenues obtained from this product. Titanium breakeven units is 1514, implying that Competition Bikes must sell such units of titanium for the organization to start realizing profits. The one for carbon lite is 915 while for the mix is 2429. This shows that the company needs to produce 2429 units of both products for the business to start making profits.They are calculated by dividing the organizations fixed cost with the plowshare bound. The contribution brim refers to the variation between prices of one unit of a product and the unit cost of the same product. It gives a reflection of amount of money that a specific sale contributes in relation to covering the fixed costs of a firm. The contribution marge fortitanium is $230 since the unit price for titanium is $1500 and its variable cost is $1270.Its sales mix is 550 units for titanium and 350 units for carbon lite. This shows that for every sale of 900 units made by the company, 550 are made up of titanium and the rest 350 are sales of carbonlite. This sales mix for both products is multiplied by their total contribution margin giving 234,500. Its then divided by 900 so as to attain weighted average that gives a contribution margin of a single unit of the mix giving us 260 .56. The contribution margin was obtained by dividing $500,000 by the common weight of the contribution margin giving usTitanium = 550/900 * 2478 =1514Carbonlite = 350/900*2478 = 964Breakeven points in terms of dollarsIt gives an indication of the amounts of sales that have to be achieved so to enable the firm to cover its entire production cost. In terms of dollars, its obtained by multiplying units price of the product and its breakeven units.Titanium = 1514 units *$ 850= 1,286,900Carbonlite= 964 units *1500= 1,446,000The analysis preceding(prenominal) indicates that Competition Bikes has to make a sale 1,286,900 of titanium and 1,446,000 of carbonlite for the business to start realizing profits.b. Change in Breakeven analysisAny change made in the fixed costs of the organization brings an impact that is significant to the breakeven analysis. Breakeven point brings the relationship in the organization between its price, fixed costs, variable costs and the volume of sales. If the company decides to plus its fixed cost by $20,000 it gives a new value of $ 520,000. This indicates that the company needs to sell additional units so as to cover that increase. Any change in the business direct materials will also cause significant impact on the breakeven point. If the company increases the cost of direct materials with 20% of the cost, variable cost of both products will increase by the same margin.If contribution margin changes, it results to changes in the contribution margin of the weighted average. Since sales mix of carbonlite is 350, its contribution margin and sales mix becomes 15400. While that of titanium is 550, its contribution margin and sales mix becomes 104885 giving a total of 120,285.Average weight of the contribution margin120,285/900= 133.65Breakeven point for the mix520,000/ 133.65 = 3900Breakeven points using sales mix of each productTitanium = 550/ 900 * 3900= 2200Carbonlite = 350/ 900 * 3900= 1517Breakeven value change in terms of dollarsTit anium = 2200 units *$850 = $1,870,000Carbonlite = 1517 units *$1500 = $2,275,500ConclusionEvery business should adopt a costing system which helps in computing costs incurred in the business. This information is very important in making decisions concerning the prices of the products. deep down the two systems of allocating costs, that is volume based and activity based systems of costing. Volume based is not an efficient method as it assumes that product is the main cost driver. Through the above analysis, its clear that Competition Bikes should adopt activity based system as it provides accurate information, elaborate information that can be used in providing cost saving mechanism. It has also considered the breakeven analysis which is an important tool in deciding the prices of commodities. Lastly, the report has shown that if there is a change in either the fixed or variable costs, it brings a significant effect on the costs.ReferencesBrimson, J. A. (1991). Activity accounting an activity-based costing approach. J. Wiley.Cao, P., Toyabe, S. I., &Akazawa, K. (2006).Development of a practical costing method for hospitals.The Tohoku ledger of experimental medicine, 208(3), 213-224.Park, S. E., & Lee, Y. K. (2006). Efficient bid pricing based on costing methods for Internet bid systems. In Web Information SystemsWISE 2006 (pp. 289-299). Springer Berlin Heidelberg ascendant document

Youth Strength Training: Facts and Fallacies Essay

Personal TrainingsIntroductionQuestion One It is imperative for human beings, both sportsmen and individualists, in general, to be flexible. For an individual to be termed flexible, he or she should have the ability to move through a certain ROM (range of effort). Stretching is one of the common exertions used by athletes and individual to attain flexibility(Berg, 2012). To reach a given increase in the range of motion, two mechanisms, either stint or other methods, be utilized. There are two categories of stretching dynamic stretching and static stretching. Dynamic stretching comprises of organized movements through the active range of motion for a joint. Static stretching is where a joint is moved to the end of its range during the stretch position for a static time. Stretching is confirmed to be one of the exercises that help reform flexibility in athletes and the population, in general. This improvement are classified into three categories Joint flexibility, hamst ring flexibility, and calf flexibility. In this categories, stretching generally improves the range of motion in joints, hamstring is successful at different positions of stretching, and calf stretching improves ankle dorsiflexion(Wuest, 2011). A general fitness program should have stretching exercise at moderated rates to avoid fatigue. Stretching is do at the beginning of the exercise and at the end of it. This is primal for the participants of the program to trigger their muscles for utilization and to free them after the session. Apart from improving flexibility, stretching is also important for muscle developing. It is scientifically proven that regular stretching exercise and taking enough weewee leads to muscles nurture. Stretching is also used for a cooling after a vigorous develop session because it decreases soreness and fatigue. It also important because it helps in joint rotations because it triggers the joints lubrication process.Question Two Perio dization is an organized method of a training period for an individual to achieve important knowledge and skills needed for personalized progress(Berg, 2012). The approach comprises of tolerantcycling of a number of training program aspects within specified periods of time.Periodization gives a chance to sequentially expand skills, knowledge, and attitude towards ones development and growth through a training session. As a technique, periodization has several components .that contribute to its success. However, common components include frequency, intensity, duration, and volume. Frequency involves the number of times an exercise is done in a consistent fashion. Intensity component of periodization is the uniqueness among individuals intermsof persistence, abilities, and personalities towards the exercise(Wuest, 2011). This component is the gradual development from basic training to more intense exercises as the remains adopts to advanced practices. Duration aspect is the who le time need for one to complete a certain level of training. Lastly, volume is the expanse of practice required for one to undertake during a particular training session. Volume is about avoiding taking too much exercise that may cause fatigue or taking little amounts that may non have an impact on the individual. Examples in which periodization can be utilized include cyclists training, weight lifters practice sessions, and in the process of child growth. This activity is important for everyone because it is the best approach that yield results to a given training. It is also inclusive of other aspects like cognitive practice which render it important across the divide of any population.Question Three After doing an analysis of five different articles, one of the common myths discussed include to begin with doing any exercise one has to do stretches(Rosen, 2014). The articles authors believe that stretching is necessary for muscle development and as an injury prevention e xercise. The media supports this fallacy to launch it line up by arguing that stretching makes the muscles tired by 30%(Muella, 2013). This adverse impact lowers the volume, intense, and frequency of exercise. Stretching is said to create tension which makes the persona training vulnerable for injuries(Yeh, 2013). Therefore, to justify this fallacy, walking and lifting light weights is recommended for individuals preparing for heavy training sessions. Stretching should therefore be done at the end of the training session(Faigenbaum, 2012). The media should say, that stretching is not a mandatory preliminary exercise before taking a heavy work out(Goudreau, 2012). It should be done at the end of an exercise to make sure that the muscles relax and lessens fatigue. It should also state other methods of warming up and preparing the muscles for a heavy work out. By mentioning these aspects, the media will succeed in fashioning the fallacy correct.Question Four Exercise has b oth benefits and risks among the young generation. Some of the benefits of practice among the youth include building and sustaining wellnessy muscles and bones, it moderates the possibility of developing continuing diseases such as diabetes(Milani, 2011). Youth who exercise at regular intervals has the benefit of avoiding obesity problems. Practice is also important among the youth because it decreases anxiety and gives them a ripe state of mind.Exercise has also proven to have positive impacts on academics performance of the youth as it increases their levels of attentiveness. Despite the many benefits associated with exercise and the youth, practice also fructify risk to the youth. Heavy training can cause stunted growth in the adolescents with less developed muscles. Training tends to consume much of their time and it may impact their academic performance negatively. Weight training is safe for the youth if it is executed safely and correctly. However, risks exist if the youth do not put it reflexion necessary measures for their safety(Milani, 2011). Such risks are mitigated by setting guidelines and tailor made practice sessions for the adolescents.ReferencesBerg, K. (2012). Essentials of Research Methods in Health, Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Recreation (Point (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)) . smart York Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers .Faigenbaum, A. (2012). Youth Strength Training Facts and Fallacies. American Colledge of Sports Medicine, 1.Goudreau, J. (2012). Avery D. Faigenbaum. Forbes Magazine, 1.Milani, M. (2011). Is Weight Training Safe For Todays Youth? Total Human Performance Preparing Youth Today, 1.Muella, J. (2013). The outgo 6 Fitness Myths and Truths. SparklePeople, 1.Rosen, P. (2014). 8 Health Lies Trainers Tell. FitnessMagazine, 1.Wuest, D. (2011). Foundations of Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport. New York McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.Yeh, I. (2013). The truth abou t common fitness myths. Health Newsletter, 1. Retrieved from http//www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20765578,00.htmlSource document

A Technological Advancement in European’s Rural Communities

Throughout the economic reforms of the 18th and 19th centuries life for the peasantry moved from one ill to another. The turbulent economic changes that attach this period would benefit the lifestyle of one generation only(prenominal) to completely impoverish the next. It wasnt until the latter part of the 19th century that the standard of living for the average out citizen moved toward what could be considered comfortable.In the early part of the 1700s the majority of Europeans were living in rural communities of no bigger than 1000 people. Their lives focused only on survival. They would farm small plots of a larger field, the right for which they would often have to pay a considerable amount of their income as rent to the undercoatholder. In around cases, for warmth they would sleep under the same roof as their animals, and heating sources usually consisted of wood, peat or dung, but very rarely coal.While this lifestyle is uncouth it had its benefits. Due to the fact that o ne field would be cultivated by a large portion of the community, decisions on the crop rotation would have to be determined as a community. This provided the peasant with some modicum of freedom.When landholders started enclosing fields, and began cultivating them for profit, it devastated millions. Suddenly they had no adjacent source of food nor a place to graze their animals. The immediate effect was wide spread starvation. The long-term result was that with the efficient managework forcet of fields, and the introduction of new crops, like the potato, food became more abundant. This instituted a population sound throughout most European nations.With the introduction of the putting-out system by many merchants, as a means to circumvent guild control over the bring to pass of goods, peasants were able to support themselves. With their newfound work, and the increased abundance of food they were finally able to feel secure in their livelihoods. This was just the calm before the storm.The ripening desire among the bourgeoisie for financial gain paired with new technological advances made the putting-out system inefficient. Shifts in production were made toward small workshops or larger factories. Over time the demand for rural industry decreased to the point where many were accepting next to nothing for their goods.It became virtually impossible for the peasantry to make a living in rural communities. They were increasingly forced to move to cities where they could find manufactory work. Liverpool, for example, grew by 250 percent between 1600 and 1750.With even further advances in factory mechanization, hundreds of thousands of jobs became obsolete. After all, if you have a machine that can do the job of one hundred men, why pay one hundred men? Once again there was a widespread loss of jobs.Public opinion on poverty at the time did nothing to help the office staff either. The poor were grouped into two categories the deserving and the undeserving. The deserving consisted of children, the elderly and the crippled. The undeserving were healthy men and women who either were unable to find work. The attitude was that it was their fault they were poor, and therefore they were treated as little better than criminals.It wasnt until the advent of the railroad that things really started looking up for the average citizen. The sheer amount of work required in the construction of a railroad alone provided many with work. In addition, it now became cheap to transport metal, and other heavy raw supplies for the manufacture of goods. This not only dropped the price of commodities, but also spurred industry to an even greater extent.I feel it evident that these economic reforms consistently threw the lives of the average citizen into upheaval. We must not overlook, however, the crowning(prenominal) good this period did for the world. Were it not for the willingness of those early capitalists to take advantage of the peasantry as they did, we would all likely be farming a small plot of land and heating or homes with dung.

Woman and Canadian Politics

Prior to 1921, men were the only members of the Canadian parliamentary system. With the first Canadian women being picked into the Canadian parliament in 1921, women excite had the ability to participate and become prefered into the manse of cat valium. Since then, Canadian womens participation in the abode of Commons has substantially increased from 1 female seat holder in 1921 to the present day 64 seats held by women. Although this increase is seemed as substantial, the debate about the underrepresentation of women in semipolitical sympathies has been a central topic of debate by politicians, scholars and the ecumenic general in Canada.Although it is widely agreed that representation of women in the raise of Commons unavoidably to increase, there are two fundamentally different views regarding this underrepresentation the explanatory perspective and the feminist perspective. The explanatory perspective argues that political institutions should reflect the composition o f civil confederacy , while the feminists perspective argues that, since women offer unique perspectives, their exclusion from political power means that their needs, demands, and interests would currently non be echoed in the political arena. However, through the judicial decision of the definition of democracy, and the evaluation of the feminists arguments and explanatory perspectives, the relatively low number of women elected to the House of Commons does not mean the Canadian political system is insufficiently democratic. In set up to understand the underrepresentation of women in the Canadian political system, democracy must(prenominal) be defined. According to Rand Dyke, the definition of democracy is, a political system characterized by popular sovereignty, political equality, political freedom, and majority rule. Popular sovereignty and political equality entails that everyone eligible to voter turnout has a vote to participate in a final outcome, and an equal weighted vote. Political freedom involves equal opportunities and rights to all. Majority rule entails that when it comes to making a decision regarding differences in opinions, the larger number should win. Therefore, democracy suggests that there should be representation for all genders and race, everyone should enjoy the equal opportunities, and everyone has an equal say when it comes to choosing their representatives.Firstly, women hold approximately 20. 8 part of the House of Commons in Canada. Although this is an underrepresentation of the women population in Canada, it is not undemocratic. Based on the definition of democracy as defined above, it is argued, and has been proven through the choice of women into the House of Commons, that women have equal opportunity to become a member in the House of Commons. Out of the Canadian population of eligible voters, women approximately nettle up more then 50 percent of that population.With women holding the majority of the votes in Canada, and an equal vote, it is puzzling that there are complaints regarding unfair representation. The fact that women have equal right to men shows that the Canadian political system is democratic. Perhaps the underrepresentation is not due to flaws in Canadian democracy regarding electing females to the House of Commons, but private wants regarding representation. Womens traditional role in society has been to stay home and select care of children as they are seen as nurturing creatures.The ways politicians have been visualised through the media are ruth little and powerful people. The portrayal of traditional roles of women verse politicians may be part of the reason the general public does not elect more into the House of Commons. Perhaps if women involved in government activity became more involved with the media, to prove their authoritativeness, the general population would be more inclined to elect strong-willed, assertive women into the House of Commons.Secondly, feminists h ave argued that females vying for political nomination face challenges finding monetary support for their nomination and campaigns. Although women face this difficulty, men do as well. To go the financial difficulty of competing nominees the 1974 Election Expenses encounter was implemented, and in 2004 Bill C-24. The 1974 Election Expenses Act introduced restrictions to the amount that lotdidates and parties could spend on elections, as well as gave tax income deductions to sponsors, and partial reimbursement to parties and panoramas wining more than 15 percent of the vote.Bill C-24 introduced restrictions once a assoil on sponsorship spending placing boundaries on who can sponsor and caps on how much can be sponsored, while giving parties subsidies for each vote they received in the last election. By placing these restrictions and caps on spending, the competition in the financial field became less of an issue. The facts that these barriers have been acknowledged and attempts ha ve been made remedy these burdens, not only benefited womens likelihood to get nominated, but made competing playing field equal.Candidates who did not find finance as a burden were restricted to a cap, and so made it more likely that all candidates would have around the homogeneous amount of money to spend on their promotion. Both men and women have to go through the same nomination process to become a candidate for elections whether they choose to pursue the legislative route is based on personal choice, not political inequality. Thirdly, feminists are concerned that the small numbers of women in the House of Commons means that womens interests and needs are not being represented.However, this can be proven false through the fact that for a enormous time the Canadian politics has mostly been based on the brokerage system. The brokerage system theory suggests that since Canada has such a diverse population, in order for political parties to win elections, they must appeal to the masses. Since Canada follows the brokerage system, it is suggested that everyone will receive representation in the Government because political parties have compromised in order to gain their support. One of the ways the Canadian political parties have gained more support by women was by bringing more into their party.Since 1921 women candidates in parties have increased from 4 female candidates to present day 380 female candidates. The increase shows that parties are accepting women in as candidates, in hopes to better accommodate womens wants and needs however, the general population is not voting them in. Not only does it allow from more female candidates, but it makes it easier for Feminists to belong to a political party. However, more feminists in the House of Commons may not be the best strategy for meeting needs, demands and interests of women. Women rather vote for women as women rather then feminists.Finally, although the underrepresentation of women in the House of Comm ons does not mean that the Canadian political system is insufficiently democratic, it does need to be improved. Some solutions suggested to improve this underrepresentation is to look at the how seats get distributed, quotas, and great promotion for women in politics. Canada bases their government off of single member plurality. Single member plurality means that the candidate that wins the most votes wins a seat in the House of Commons no matter how marginal their victory is.This first-past-the-post technique leaves parties completely unrepresented, including women, when there is support for them. A suggestion to remedy underrepresentation is to implement a mixed member system. A mixed member would entail that a portion of the seats in the House of Commons is elected by the first-past-the-post system, and the respite of the seats are chosen based on proportional representation. Another suggestion is to place quotas on parties as to a specific percentage of women must be elected. Countries such as Costa Rica, Argentina and Belgium have legal quotas as to percentage of women elected.A further suggestion would be to create greater publicity to promote womens involvement in politics. Promoting interest in politics may trigger more women to get involved in politics, whence possibly increasing the number of female candidates. finished some of these suggestions, female representation in the House of Commons may increase however, this will take time. Underrepresentation of women in the House of Commons is a problem in the Canadian political system which does need to be addressed and remedied. However, this issue did not pass because Canadas politic system is undemocratic.Through the dissection of the definition of democracy, it was proven that both women and men are equally liable to be elected into the House of Commons. Through the assessment of the feminist argument that women have greater monetary burdens, it was proven that competition for nomination and can didacy has been regulated through Bill C-24 and the Election Expenses Act to assure expense equality. And the fact that the Canadian government has been based on the brokerage theory system suggests that political parties would want women to be elected therefore making their party more appealing to the masses.Although the number of women in the House of Commons has grown significantly, females are still underrepresented due to then general publics decision not due to undemocratic functionings. Steps need to be taken to increase female interest in politics and the single member plurality system needs to be re-assessed to make female representation in the House of Commons more representative of its population. Bibliography Cool, Julie. Women in Parliament. cited 1 November 2006 Available from http//dsp-psd. pwgsc. gc. ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/PRB-e/PRB0562-e. pdf Dyck, Rand. Canadian Politics Critical Approaches. th ed. Scarborough Nelson, 2004. Government of Canada. Population by Age a nd Sex Group. cited 1 November 2006 Available from http//www40. statcan. ca/l01/cst01/demo10a. htm Heard, Andrew. Elections Women Candidates in Canadian Elections 1921 2006. cited 1 November 2006 Available from http//www. sfu. ca/aheard/elections/women-elected. html Tremblay, Manon. Do Female MPs Substantively Represent Women? A Study of Legislative Behaviour in Canadas 35th Parliament. Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique 31, no. 3 (1998) 435-465.Tremblay, Manon, and Rejean Pelletier. More Feminists Or More Women? Descriptive and Substantive Representations of Women in the 1997 Canadian Federal Elections. International Political Science Review / Revue internationale de science politique 21, no. 4, Women, Citizenship, and Representation. Femmes, citoyennete et representation (2000) 381-405. Young, Lisa. Fulfilling the Mandate of Difference Women in the Canadian House of Commons. In the Presence of Women Representation in Canadian Governme nt. Ed. Jane Arscott, Linda Trimble. Toronto Harcourt Brace & Company Canada Ltd, 1997.

Equal Rights in South Africa Essay

MissionEqual Education is a movement of learners, parents, teachers and confederacy members working for look and equality in South African education, through analysis and activism.Background20 years after Nelson Mandelas release from prison the education received by young people in South Africa remains vastly unequal. Despite attempts to overhaul the system, class and race-linked inequalities remain entrenched. Education was the foundation upon which inequality was fashioned during the years of apartheid, but unequal educational opportunities still remain amongst the greatest obstacles to equality, dignity and freedom in todays South Africa.What is Equal Education?EE is a community and membership-based organisation. It advocates for quality and equality in the South African education system and engages in evidence-based activism for improving the nations checks. It is a leader in youth leaders development. EEs campaigns, based on detailed research and policy analysis, are aimed at achieving quality education for all.We promote the rights to equality and education, with the firm tactile sensation that these will enable the poor and working classes to an equal opportunity in life.Education is an end in itself. Also,education helps one to understand and demand the full realisation of the rights enshrined in the Constitution. Led by young activists, EE seeks to improve the poor quality of education in South Africa by working together with communities, schools, teachers, principals, learners, parents, academics, researchers and the government. We create an understanding of the educational system, whilst drawing attention to problems faced by schools and their communities. Equipped with this knowledge, EE offers a new way for people to participate in the participatory system and bring change to education and society.History of Equal EducationThe organisation began in February 2008 by conducting research in schools in Khayelitsha (a working-class community in C ape township, with a population of approximately 700,000 people, and 54 schools). Schools in Khayelitsha, like those in other poor communities, are under-resourced, under-staffed and overcrowded factors which have a significantly negative impact on academic performance. EE began with the aim of supporting the many hardworking teachers and determined learners within the community who are battling in knockout conditions.Today EE is known nationally, and has members active in most provinces. The Head Office remains in Khayelitsha, where it intends to stay. EE has active branches in Bonteheuwel, Khayelitsha and Kraaifontein. There is also regular campaigning taking place in Grahamstown, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, Potchefstroom, Polokwane and Pretoria-Tshwane.Equal Educations most active members are called Equalisers. They are high school students in grades 8 to 12. Equalisers have a leading role in the activities of the organisation. They, along with parents, teachers, activists and community members, work with EE to improve schools in their communities, and they set an use to their peers through their dedication to their own education.Major Campaigns to Date EE successfully campaigned for the Western Cape Education Department WCED to fix 500 broken windows at Luhlaza High School in Khayelitsha. EE has been assisting Harry Gwala High School in Khayelitha to have its leaking roof fixed. EE ran a ground-breaking campaign against late-coming in 8 Khayelitsha High Schools. In some schools (Esangweni, for example) daily late-coming was reduced from over 100 learners per day to zero. This campaign also spread into other parts of Cape Town and the Eastern Cape. EE is presently running a major campaign for a National Policy on School Libraries, and a campaign for borderline Norms and Standards for School Infrastructure.

Influence of Information systems Essay

This research investigates the influence of Information system at Human Resource and what are their impacts on governanceal procedure. Organizations are moving faster towards the Information Technology and adapt more and more advancements of Information Technologies. In to daytimes scope none of the organization eject survive without Information technology. Every organization has developed or either purchased information systems to support their business functionalities in cabaret to face the war-ridden advantages. Most of the organizations are investing on Information Systems, thinking that it would help to increase the performance of their organization. entrust the Information system can alone increase the performance of the organization? What impact has this on Human Resource of the Organization? These are questions that todays Organization having today. Even though the Organizations is implemented the advance information system purchased or developed in-house supports Wi thout a doubt, advancement in technology has had a huge impact on organizations across the globe over the last few decades. It has impacted a range of sectors of the economy on diverse levels chiefly in the financial, educational entertainment, direct gross sales retailing, and healthcare and information sectors.By and large, its impact is evident on any activity that relies heavily on conversation and information flow, lowering the cost of communication Child (2009). With the rapid development of the technology, advancement of the information systems should be upgraded. Is the advancement of technology applied or used by the organization is another question. Will these information system satisfied users requirements or are they being underutilized should be the major concern. How far these information system supports and helpful to the internal employees should address thoroughly in order to learn how effective these technologies are using in the current situation. As many of the organization Commercial Credit and finance PLC is aspect forward to survive in the rapidly changing economic system while competing with other giants in the industry. IT is becoming the most vital role for the organization and its a must reason to have a good Information System which will have positive impact towards its human resource. IT alone cannot depend upon a business a success. Human Resource is also equally historic as IS in gainingcompetitive advantage. Employees expecting to grow team lean, quality of their work and fulfillment of the life for a better establishment in the work place.Shifting demographic patterns, the pace of technological change, and the path of economic globalization will evolve over the next 10-15 years. Then, they consider the implications of these trends for key aspects of the future workforce and workplace, including the size, composition, and skills of the workforce the nature of work and workplace arrangements and worker compensation Lyn n Karoly and Constantijn Panis (2004) According to the key Bank of Sri Lanka Annual report of 2012 (Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2013), there are sixty non-banking finance companies operating in a fiercely competitive environment. All these companies are working on a 646 billion rupee cumulative asset base that is left behind by the government and private Banks. This highly competitive environment has brought about a sense of dynamism to the industry where organizations such as the one being assessed are either perpetrators or victims of replication or imitation. In this sense wholes must constantly renew their products, skills and capabilities.Instead of doing this in a haphazard manner resulting in being a follower it is important for firms in such a competitive arena to look at innovation and the capabilities it requires in a structured way that would earn its due rents. In this age of portability and technology driven market place, these financial organizations depend heavily on their shared information technology departments to deliver value through pointing in the right direction. On the other end is an IT department that is more inclined to do the daily firefighting and has exhausted its resources by simply sticking to day to day activities. There is a standoff between senior management trying to make sense of IT investments in the form of new innovations to help keep up with its competitors and the information technology departments who dont see themselves as drivers of innovation but back office functions. The research site concerned has seen tremendous gain and success in the industry within the past three years with a net profit rise of fifteen fold (Commercial Credit & Finance PLC, 2013). Unfortunately in keeping with this momentum the firm has faced its share of difficulties with IT related innovations where budget overruns and high timeto market has severely affected the firms performance in some aspects. Research Objectives1. To identify how ef fective the firm is in using information system2. To identify how information systems affects firms performance3. Explore the impact of the information systems on human resource of the company4. To identify impact of human resource for Organization Performance

Humanities Baroque Essay

Dramatic religious paints were being made Literature was being written in a way that it will be memor commensurate. The King James version of the Bible had major impacts on the arts.It was finished in 1611 and was considered to be the most important change in English lit and printing (Ryken). It was set to transform the entire English language and keep the emotional influence. The new translation of Scripture preserved the spiritual fervor of the oldish Testament Hebrew and the narrative vigor of the New Testament Greek (Fiero 62). The King James Version was a big part of the churrigueresco extremity because it was a piece of literature that had heightened emotional words and could actually be understood correctly by the reader.In Baroque artwork, viewers can externalise the emotional impact the painting has. Everything is in action and the painting is like shot in the middle of whats going on. In Caravaggios The agony of Saint hammer, everything is painted right in the middl e of the crucifixion. Saint Peter is not even up yet but in the middle of acquire there. The painting is activated and has complex movements. Gravity has a very powerful pull in this picture as well. Viewers can see the emotion in Saint Peters face that he is scared but brave.Caravaggio made sure to tell a story in this painting with emotion since you see a poor, innocent, and homeless looking man being crucified. Everything from the guys dirty feet and bottom who hoisting up Saint Peter is essentially sticking out to the viewers face. The three men do not show there face as they crucify Saint Peter and it adds mystery as to who would do such an act. Everything from the nails in Saint Peters hands to the dirt on their feet is very real and descriptive. Light is as well as emphasized in this painting as well because of the black background.The Baroque period and its artwork gave out real emotion while the action is happening. each the tension in one painting is thrown into the vi ewers faces (Fiero). Music in the Baroque period surrounded itself with rhythm, melody, terraced dynamics, texture, and basses. Composers would express emotions and affection in their harmony and broke away from the Medieval times by using vocal and instrumental music. A famous composer in the Baroque period was Johann Sebastian Bach. He utilize to mainly do church music but then developed a more musical potential for the concerto form.The best composed song in his career was called The Art of Fugue. A fugue is a polyphonic composition in which a single musical theme is restated in sequential phrases (Fiero). Baroque music brought in emotions and even listeners who dont even understand the brilliance composition of Bach, can grow a love for his music further listening to it. The Baroque period brought in emotion to everything like literature, paintings, and music. It forever changed literature and the English language for people to understand it better and are able to be moved by the words in text instead of just reading it.

Faculty Member Participation in Decision-making of Universities Essay

Decisions capsulise and encompass the plenty and system that make up every institution or organization. The stopping points and those ma mogul them reflect one other to give an accurate and precise nary(prenominal)ion of how they want to be perceived generally. In this effect, those that be not accounted for in the last fashioning sue are not reflected in the notion of perception by society. T herefore, I am proposing that the faculty process must be given ample respect and opportunity in the ratiocinations of the university.This proposal shall thus center its worry at the doctrine module members of University of Nottingham in Australia and queen regnant Saud University in the poufdom of Saudi Arabia. The main publicize that is a s move out here is the value and splendour of including the closes of a member of a teaching staff in the overall decisions in the university. The under(a)lying hint here is to ask whether or not the decision of a faculty staff member exit be beneficial or detrimental to the university.Moreover, pragmatically speaking, the decision suffice of any university must take into consideration the ideas and contributions of all staff and school official due to the fact that each of them knows what is happening in the university from their own point of view and at the same time, they will also be affected by the decisions they make. The decision that does not include other related aspects that screwing be attributed to it such as those that a faculty staff member clear bring in do decisions will not be as encompassing as it should be.It is therefore a privilege to make this show and be equal to promulgate this stand of revolutionizing the decision devising subprogram in the university so that it may truly encapsulate the very nature and purpose of what it really mode to make the decisions. And at the same time, this research will draw the spotlight to where darkness has already made its niche the unheard voic es of the teaching staff members. relevant Theories and Literature People say that making decisions is like speaking prose because they do it all the time sagaciously and unknowingly.It is thus hardly surprising that the topic of decision making involves many disciplines, from mathematics to statistics, with economic science and political science, to sociology and psychology (Kahneman and Tversky, 2000). Still, there are even some who liken and compare the nature of decision making to that of the game of chess analyzing the complex and multiple implications that it entails (Katsenelinboigen, 1997). While on the other hand, there are those who rely on statistical and mathematical facts administering decision theory (Berger, 1980).The accountability of decision making and pickings decisions are considered the essence of the administrative process as emphasized by Simon (AL Masri, 1989) since it forms an weighty part of the positions unavoidable by mankinditarian institutions i ncluding higher educational institutions. Academic sections in university faculties of different specialties are considered a means for satisfying universities basic objectives as 80% of administrative decisions are taken at the level of departments (Athuhaibti, 1981).The academician department, as seen by Anderson, is the academic unit that involves specialists in research, teaching and other academic aspects. Decision making in the administrative sphere consists of three basic pillars. The first one is virtually the availability of a human person in a position that has its special circumstances. Secondly, it also important to think in those circumstances to examine an outlet to them. And lastly, it is vital to think right to be able to ensure an telling outlet or a suitable alternative.In another aspect, if this is seen from a statistical perspective, the decision making aspect of every problem can actually be formalized through an explicit precondition covering the available decisions, the items of cost and gain involved in making the decisions and the relevant probability distributions (De Groot, 2004). Therefore, it is of groovy importance and of considerable value that a teaching staff member in a universitys department to be given the amount of respect in sharing the responsibilities in making the important decisions with regard to the university whether it is in a large scale level or in a slender scale level.Such a person must be heard and be given material attention for the very reason that the person who can make the best, most practical and most meaning(prenominal) decisions are the very persons who are affected by the issues at hand and also the very persons for whom the decision will be made in the first place. How can anyone make a concrete and viable decision if the very person making the decision does not even fully understand and quality the root and effects of the very decision itself? Moreover, it must be absolutely imperative th at superiors deal with their subordinates under the bases of psycho humanitarian manners.What is essential to comprehend here is the fact that every person must be treated as a human being and not just a unadulterated spontaneous tool carrying out tasks. People must never be treated as a mere object disregarding their moral feelings and existence who are just as affected by the surround and the natural surroundings like everyone else regardless of their race, gender, color, ethnicity, educational attainment, and nationality. As a result, leadership should pay attention to the needs of their subordinates in a serious way.Thus, another essential thing is the value of loyalty. Loyalty here is not lopsided where in one side shall receive all the benefits while the other lifts the burdens of responsibility. The subordinates must be loyal to their leaders, and in the same way, the leaders must be loyal and even amenable for their subordinates. At the end of the day, both sides must wor k as one and realize that loyalty and responsibility does not only come through carrying out decisions, but more importantly, it is about the successful talks and partnership in decision making by all.The force field matter of this study shall delve into the urgency and the relevancy of the involvement of the teaching staff members in the decision making process in the administrative arena qualifying and valuing their decision making contributions and capabilities not only for the betterment of the university but for the growth and schooling of the teaching staff members as well. This will then give credence and moral boosting performance and competency to their respective academic fields.This will further create more new and viable ideas that are unremarkably unnoticed and ignored due to the massiveness of certain issues that are encountered in the decision making process. In addition, this will greatly lessen the burden of responsibility and the pressure of infallibility car ried by the higher officials. Some institutions and organizations find the decision making process to be so relatively important that computer-based decision support systems ingest been invented to assist decision makers in considering the implications of various courses of thinking and help reduce risk in human errors (Flyvbjerg, 2006) think over Methodology This research shall depend in studying the subject and issues at hand through an analytical descriptive method. The research method will follow any deduction that takes this phenomenon from psychological and educational aspects as it is in present time for the purpose of diagnosing, revealing and lineing the relationships among its components or among educational, psychological or companionable aspects (Al-Ghanem, 1988).The focal point in this research method is seeing the interconnectedness and most importantly, the interdependence of every aspect and relationship that the faculty staff member has with the university. Empir ical Work With regard to the empirical entropy that needs to be collected for this research, the primary source to look with respect to this proposal is the system of the university itself. This comprises of knowing who makes the decisions and how these people make them.The university structural hierarchy will give an ample specification of the decision making process in the university. Moreover, the opinions of the faculty staff members and school officials in relation to the decision making process will be a good foundation for this research. It is also of considerable value in tackling this issue by understanding the location and type of universities that will be assesses as well as the inelegant or culture of the faculty staff members and school officials who will be involved. This research will take on two universities as mentioned.The advantage of this is that the research will have a vast and divers(a) analysis on the matter and will not be limited by the boundaries that are impersonate by the geographical location. The disadvantage of this research might be seen in the inconsistency in any teaching gathered. This may arise because of location of the universities and also the willingness of people to give truthful and relevant information. It is expect that this research may cause hesitancy to certain people due to the delicate issue it is asserting. Study ImportanceThe importance of this study arises from the fact that it is going to 1. Highlight the necessity of opening new horizons to a teaching staff member concerning the optimal method of participating in decision making so as to be an active member in promoting administrative work, which in turn also serves as an academic work done by the member himself. 2. Help the teaching staff member in employing and enhancing his various abilities and techniques in fields widening their knowledge aside from teaching, i. e. getting him outside the closed pass around of academic work as well. 3.This stud y will transform and alter the terms of knowing the elaborateness of a teaching staff member in decision making in University of Nottingham and queen regnant Saud University. 4. make up new information and recommendations that help and benefit in increasing the effective participation of a teaching staff member in decision making in those two universities. Study Objectives This study aims to identify teaching staff members points of view or perception regarding their participation in making decisions in University of Nottingham and King Saud University and in a way that is more defined this current study aims at the following1. Identifying the finis of teaching staff members participation or contribution in university decision making in University of Nottingham and King Saud University. 2. Knowing the extent of difference in the points of view of the subjects of the study sample concerning participation in decision making with the difference of study variables. 3. Identifying th e degree of importance of teaching staff member in university decision making by perceiving it through three dimensional studies the academic dimension, the administrative dimension and the financial dimension.4. call the obstacles that can lead a teaching staff member not to participate in making university decisions. Let it therefore be stated that this study tries to state out the motives and value of the teaching staff members in participating in decision making process at the level of the University of Nottingham in Australia and king Saud University in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as well as the factors that hamper or hinder their participation in an effective and beneficial way. Study QuestionsThe researcher will discuss his study questions with respect to the objectives mentioned above, therefore, the study will revolve around the following four questions Question (1) How far or to what extent can a teaching staff member of the University of Nottingham participate in the uni versitys decision making process from the point of view of the study sample individuals? Question (2) How far or to what extent can a teaching staff member of the King Saud University participate in the universitys decision making process from the point of view of the study sample individuals? Question (3)Are there any statistical differences among the points on view of the study sample subjects concerning the participation extent in university decision making in accordance of rights with demographic variables (gender, nationality, academic degree and experience)? Question (4) Does the degree of extent of a teaching staff members participation in university decision making differs towards the three dimensional study the academic dimension, the administrative dimension and the financial dimension with the demographic variables gender, nationality and the difference in job (administrative and non administrative)?Question (5) What are the obstacles or hindrances that lead the teaching staff member from refraining or from being prevented to participate in university decision making from the points of view of study sample individuals? Conclusion I am therefore optimistic that this research can revolutionize or change the traditional way of how faculty staff members, school officials and universities think and move in their own school communities. This research can further entertain dialogue with regard to the conflicts that may arise between faculty staff members and school officials.This research can also bring about beneficial and better improvements to the university as a whole through having a comprehensive decision making process. This research makes an original contribution in the issue at hand because of the diversity in the information and subjects that are discussed which are not limited to only one culture, system or location thereby filling the gaps of other related researches that have narrowly focused in a limited subject and area. Finally, this res earch can expand to improving educational systems as a whole and also foster a developmental analysis on faculty staff member or school officials as indivudals.References 1. Al-Masri, Ahmad Mohammad. (1989) Communications, Decisions and their Effectiveness in Administration, Dubai, Dar Al-Kalam. 2. Berger, James O. (1980) Statistical Decision Theory and Bayesian Analysis. 2nd ed. Springer serial publication in Statistics. 3. Best John, translated by Abdullaziz Ghanem Al-Ghanem and revised by Adel Izziddin Al-Ashwal. (1988) Educational Research Methods. Al-Kuwait Institution for Scientific Development, The board of directors of writing, translation and publishing, Al-Kuwait. 4. De Groot, Morris. (2004)Optimal Statistical Decisions. Wiley Classics Library. 5. Flyvbjerg, Bent. (2006) From Nobel Prize to Project Management Getting Risks Right. Project Management Journal, vol. 37, no. 3, August 2006, pp. 5-15. 6. Kahneman, Daniel and Tversky, Amos. (2000) Choice, Values, Frames. The Camb ridge University Press. 7. Katsenelinboigen, Aron. (1997) The Concept of Indeterminism and Its Applications Economics, Social Systems, Ethics, Artificial Intelligence, and Aesthetics Praeger Westport, Connecticut.

Skeletal Muscle Undergoes Repair and Regenaration Throughout

21 Coursework R Mini-Review Topic Selected Topic 2 atrophied go through undergoes repair and regenaration throughout normal life. Write a review on the processes involved, emphasizing the design of transmit carrels. Muscle Cell Regeneration and the come to of senescence Introduction Throughout normal life, boney sinews undergo repair and regeneration in response to injury through a process involving several(prenominal) sequential steps. A very important role in this regeneration is played by beam booths, which are small mononuclear progenitor cells found in mature vigor tissues.In this review, we are deprivation to explore the consequences of senescence in satellite cell numbers and their ability to maintain and preserve tendon tissue. Steps involved when nasal muscle is change The homeostatic process that allows muscle regeneration in response to an injury stimulus, involves four interrelated steps degeneration, inflammation, regeneration and remodelling repair. W hen myofibers are damaged, extracellular calcium flows into the cell, initiating proteolysis, which causes humiliation.The necrosis of myofibers brings about an inflammatory response where neutrophils and macrophages infiltrate the injured site. Neutrophils are the first to arrive they remove cell debris by releasing free radicals and proteases as well as secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate the arrival of macrophages. There two different classes of macrophages arriving at the injured site M1 (expressing CD68) and M2 (expressing CD163). The M1 class is responsible for producing a risque concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which promote further tissue inflammation.Arriving next, is the M2 class of macrophages that induce angiogenesis and tissue remodelling and repair, by energizing stem cells. This phase of inflammation is critical to the muscle regeneration process. Experiments have shown that if the inflammation response is inhibited, thence muscle repair tin cannot occur at all. Nevertheless, there must be a balance amidst insufficient and excessive inflammation response. The regenerative phase is achieved by the activation, proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells that safety fuse together to phase angle multinucleated myotubes.This is regulated by the presence of a number of emersion factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and others. The final phase of the regenerative process is remodelling and repair and it involves the remodelling of connective tissue, angiogenesis and functional rec all overy of the skeletal muscle. How does this run into? Well, once the muscle is injured, there is an excessive production of collagens that promote scar tissue to form.This is so-called fibrosis administration is activated by transforming growth factor-? 1 (TGF-? 1), which plays a major role in this cascade. This phase is over once the injured muscle has been replaced by a functio nal and contractile apparatus. Figure 1 pic Fig. 1 shows the steps involved for a satellite cell to form a myotube. (www. bioscience. org) The role of satellite cells beam cells (identified using electron microscopy) are located under the basal lamina and are a type of muscle stem cells.They are present in muscle tissue in the inactive form and can be activated by both physiological stimuli (such as extensive exercise), as well as pathological conditions (injury or degenerative disease). Their main function is to create a population of myoblasts that can fuse with each other or with other myofibers and differentiate, so as to repair muscle tissue. Both quiescent and active satellite cells express the transcription factor Pax-7 that is thought to drive transcription and maintain proliferation.Even though the role of Pax-7 is not completely understood, it is evident that without it, we would not have satellite cells. In fact, an experiment showed that mice deficient Pax-7, did not survive beyond 2 weeks. In addition, activated satellite cells express a protein called myogenic regulatory factor (MyoD), which is a crucial factor in regulating the differentiation of muscle cells. Impact of ageing in muscle degeneration Hypothetically, even though the number of satellite cells decreases with age, the few cells remaining should be enough to initiate the regenerative mechanism.However, experiments have shown that the surrounding tissue and systemic environment to which the satellite cells were placed, were far more than important factors for muscle regeneration than the number of cells present. This supposition was supported by the fact that old muscle tissue could be regenerated when it was placed in a young animal, but the opposite did not occur. Therefore, the hypothesis that the decrease in satellite cell numbers due to ageing was the major factor that stirred regeneration was proved to be wrong. Figure 2 pic Fig. illustrates the difference between a normal myofiber and a regenerating myofiber. (www. bioscience. org) Conclusion All in all, sarcopenia alters the regeneration and repair of muscle, which can cause structural abnormalities. Ageing causes a dramatic decrease in satellite cell numbers and reduces their ability to repair damaged muscle. Even though young stem cells applied to aged or damaged skeletal muscle seem to be promising for therapeutic applications, we must gain a better understanding of satellite cell biology in order to use regenerative medicine to treat sarcopenia.Bibliography Carosio, S. , Berardinelli, M. G. , Aucello, M. , Musaro, A. (2011) Ageing research reviews. Impact of ageing on muscle cell regeneration. 10 35-42 Kierszenbaum, A. L. , (2007) Histology and cell biology An introduction to pathology (2nd Ed. ). Philadelphia Mosby. 7 197-210 Crowe, J. , Brdashaw, T. (2010) chemistry for the Biosciences. The essential concepts. (2nd Ed) Oxford University Press. 9(3) 270-272 Satellite Cells. Online. Available f rom http//www. brown. edu/Courses/BI0032/adltstem/sc. tm Accessed 6 December 2011 Zammit, S. P. , et al (2006) Pax7 and myogenic progression in skeletal muscle satellite cells. Online. Available from http//jcs. biologists. org/content/119/9/1824 Accessed 7 December 2011 Seime, A. , Caron, A. Z. , Gremier, G. (2009) Frontiers in BiosciencesAdvances in myogenic cell transplantation and skeletal muscle tissue engineering. Online. Available from http//www. bioscience. org/2009/v14/af/3431/fulltext. asp? bframe=figures. htm&doi=yes Accessed 7 December 2011 ledger count 747

Self in Interpersonal Communication

THE ego IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SELF Definition of one(a)s identity, character, abilities, and attitudes, especi eachy in relation to persons or things knocked out(p)side oneself or itself. There ar choke fundamental aspects that make up the self 1. Self-concept Your self-concept is the way that you view yourself. 2. Self-aw beness Your self-awargonness is your fuckledge approximately yourself, including your insight. 3. Self-esteem Your vanity is how to a greater extent than(prenominal) than value you place on yourself. SELF CONCEPT The circumstance self-concept is a general term theatrical roled to refer to how individual regards or so or comprehends themselves.The self concept is how we think about and pass judgment ourselves. To be aw atomic number 18 of oneself is to stool a concept of oneself. Baumeister (1999) provides the following self concept definition The individuals legal opinion about himself or herself, including the persons attributes and wh o and what the self is. SELF-CONCEPT means your own view of yourself and it loafer include * How you see yourself * Your thoughts about yourself * Your beliefs about yourself * How you feel about yourself SOURCES 1. Others im mount ups If you want to find out how you see to some other batch, then you would at how other people finesse you.According to DeVito (2009), we look to people who be classical to us to see how they treat us. He states, If these important others think highly of you, you impart see this positive image of yourself reflected in their behaviors if they think little of you, youll see a more than controvert image 2. Your interpretations and evaluations Naturally, we evaluate and interpret our own behaviors. If we look pole at a certain communication event and find that the behavior we used goes against our beliefs, we bequeath feel depravityy. Lets say you are out with friends. Your friend asks you for your practiced opinion.If you tell them a lie, you might afterwards feel guilty because you value yourself as an honest person. 3. Cultural teachings Our culture teaches us how to think, believe, and act and much more. So how you define yourself is developed from your culture. In addition to your interpretations and evaluations, if you go against your cultural teachings, you whitethorn feel a sense of guilt or failure. For example, it is common to be married at a young age in the state of Utah. This is a cultural belief and attitude. If you were to be married after 30 old age old, it might be seen as against the cultural teaching to this sweep. . Social comparisons For example, if you want to find out if youare seen as a positive person, you could ask your friends if they think you act like a positive person. When we distort out to others to find out how we look, we usually go to those people that we find close to us and important This would include people like family members or close friends. We do this because we do we are m ore belike to get an honest answer from these people. The three sources of self-concept are * Social information and interactions- The positive and negative messages we live from others that shape our beliefs. social comparisons- How we think we measure up to other people * self-observation- Being able to monitoring device our thoughts which affect our behavior and our own interpretations and evaluations. Self Esteem and Self Worth (The expiration to which you value yourself) Refers to the extent to which we like accept or approve of ourselves or how much we value ourselves. Self esteem unceasingly involves a degree of evaluation and we whitethorn have either a positive or a negative view of ourselves. HIGH SELF ESTEEM i. e. we have a positive view of ourselves. This tends to lead to * Confidence in our own abilities Self acceptance * Not worrying about what others think * Optimism unhopeful SELF ESTEEM i. e. we have a negative view of ourselves. This tends to lead to * Lack o f confidence * inborn to be/look like someone else * Always worrying what others might think * Pessimism FACTORS There are 4 major factors that model self esteem. 1) THE REACTION OF OTHERS. If people admire us, flatter us, seek out our company, listen attentively and agree with us we tend to develop a positive self-image. If they avoid us, thoughtlessness us tell us things about ourselves that we dont want to hear we develop a negative self-image. ) COMPARISON WITH OTHERS. If the people we compare ourselves with (our reference group) appear to be more in(predicate), happier, richer, better looking than ourselves we tend to develop a negative self image BUT if they are less successful than us our image entrust be positive. 3) SOCIAL ROLES. Some social roles carry prestige e. g. doctor, air lane pilot, TV. Presenter, premiership footballer and this promotes self-esteem. Other roles carry stigma. E. g. prisoners, mental hospital patient or unemployed person. 4) IDENTIFICATION. Roles arent incisively out in that respect. They also become part of our personality i. . we identity with the positions we occupy, the roles we play and the groups we belong to. SELF sentience Self Awareness is having a clear perception of your personality, including strengths, weaknesses, thoughts, beliefs, motivation, and emotions. Self Awareness allows you to understand other people, how they perceive you, your attitude and your responses to them in the moment. The Johari Window The Johari window is a technique created by Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham in 1955 in the joined States, used to help people better understands their family with self and others. Johari region 1 is also cognize as the electron orbit of free activity. This is the information about the person behavior, attitude, feelings, emotion, knowledge, obtain, skills, views, etc know by the person (the self) and know by the group (others). You are open about your thoughts and feelingsyou are aware of you r behaviors andhave an understanding of your skills rouse capabilities. Others that you are interacting with are aligned and understand your thoughts and feelings that you are communication, either verbally or non-verbally.They also have profile and awareness well-nigh your skills and capabilities or other knowledge or information. 2-Johari region 2 is what is known about a person by others in the group, but is extraterrestrial being by the person him/herself. The stratagem Spot is the area that is known to others but not to you. There may be behaviors that you are exhibiting or things that you are communicating that are affecting others in a particular way. You may be unsuspecting or perceive yourself as not having the ability to perform in a certain land site.However, those that you are interacting with dissolve see exactly how you feel or know from your behavioror prior experiencethat you do have skills and abilities toperform in a particular situation. 3- Johari region 3 is what is known to us but kept transcendental from, and therefore unknown, to others. This hidden or avoided self represents information, feelings, etc, anything that a person knows about him/self, but which is not revealed or is kept hidden from others. The hidden area could also include sensitivities, fears, hidden agendas, manipulative intentions, and secrets anything that a person knows but does not reveal, for whatever reason.Its natural for very personal and mysterious information and feelings to proceed hidden, indeed, certain information, feelings and experiences have no bearing on work, and so jell up and should re primary(prenominal) hidden. There may be some things that you know or are thinking in your head, or you may feel a particular way, however you decide to conceal this information and not distribute it with others. You may know that you have certain skills or abilities, but choose to not show this to others. Those close to you do not know what you are expe riencing in terms of thoughts and feelings, and may not know or your capabilities.It is hidden from them 4- Johari region 4 contains information, feelings, latent abilities, aptitudes, experiences etc, that are unknown to the person him/herself and unknown to others in the group. These unknown issues take a variety of forms they displace be feelings, behaviors, attitudes, capabilities, aptitudes, which outhouse be quite close to the surface, and which do-nothing be positive and useful, or they can be deeper aspects of a persons personality, influencing his/her behavior to various degrees.Large unknown areas would typically be expected in younger people, and people who lack experience or self-belief. The Unknown is the area that is blind to both yourself and to those around you. There may be things about yourself that you do not know, much(prenominal) as your own skills and abilities, even your own thoughts and feelings. Others around you might also have no visibility or knowledg e of these. Using the Johari Window for Self-Awareness If you are living with purpose and striving to reach your goals, where do you want to be in the Johari Window?You will want to be playing within the undetermined SELF The more open and honest you are in your thoughts and feelings, your communications and your behaviors, the more that those around you will have a clear understanding around what it is that you value, what you are trying to achieve and therefore will actually have the ability to help you reach where it is that you want to go. When youre playing in the Arena, you are completely aware of your skills and abilities and you will become more impressive and productive as your interactions and communications with those around you.The Arena is the playing field where trust and relationships are established and cooperation is at its highest. Lets give the axe to the HIDDEN SELF. This is where you are potentially hiding or concealing thoughts or feelings or any other infor mation thatis unknown to others. Now, theres nothing wrong with concealing information and holding offstage thoughts and feelings to you. However, for someone to be able to help you in a certain situation, they will lead to know where you currently stand and what your thoughts, feelings or knowledge ison the subject.The more you can be open and honest and reveal certain things about yourself, the more those others will be able to gain an insight into who you are and how you operate. By doing this, you will urinate trust, enhance your relationships and when it comes to pursuing your goals, those around you will be able to start helping you get there The more you can reveal about yourself, the more you will flip ones wig yourself into the Arena and start enhancing your relationships, legislate more effectively and perform at higher levels.Similarly when it comes to skill sets and capability, the more you can openly share and reveal around these, the more that others will have an awareness of where they can help you by coaching, mentoring, teaching or providing support or guidance. Now onto the Blind Spot. This is the fun area This is the area that you really need to minimize to ensure you are self-aware around your behaviors and impact on others, and to ensure you can perform at your highest ability. What dont you know about yourself? Arent you strange to find out? How do you find out something about yourself when you dont know what you need to find out?Feedback Ask for feedback. Dont be afraid to request feedback from others whenever or whoever that may be. There may be things that you are doing that you do not know that you are doing This is not a productive space to be in. Feedback is essential for building your self-awareness and can help you learn and break out how to communicate or perform in a more effective and productive way. When it comes to skill and ability, asking for feedback is essential for learning and development and helping you make y our way into the Arena where you can be more effective at pursuing your goals.The Unknown area is the area you want to try stay out of. community with low self-belief or that are inexperienced may fall into this quadrant. You may not know what your skills and capabilities are, and others may not have had any opportunity to witness any of these. Self-limiting beliefs or feelings or attitudes that holdyou back can preventyou from discovering certain things about yourself. Perhaps its a fear of entering into the unknown. On many occasions, and individual that spends time in this area may need to break out of their easiness zone to start entering one of the other quadrants.Trying new experiences and testing your limits can help you discover more about yourself and your skills and abilities. Working closely and building relationships with others may help them identify certain traits that they can point out for you. Similar to the blind spot, seeking feedback can help you identify certa in traits and build your self-awareness. In addition to using the Johari Window, there are five other ways in which we can increase our self-awareness. 1. Ask yourself about yourself. 2. Listen to others. 3. Actively seek information about yourself. 4. See your polar selves. . Increase your open self. SELF disclosure Self-disclosure is both the conscious and subconscious act of revealing more about oneself to others. This may include, but is not limited to, thoughts, feelings, aspirations, goals, failures, successes, fears, dreams as well as ones likes, dislikes, and favourites. Factors Influencing Self-Disclosure Many factors influence whether or not you break down, what you disclose, and to whom you disclose. Among the nigh important factors are who you are, your culture, your gender, who your attenders are, and your topic and channel.Who You Are Highly sociable and upcoming people self-disclose more than those who are less sociable and more introverted. People who are comfo rtable communicating also self-disclose more than those who are apprehensive about talking in general. Competent people adopt in self-disclosure more than less competent people. Perhaps competent people have greater potency and more positive things to reveal. Similarly, their self-confidence may make them more willing to risk possible negative reactions.Your Culture Different cultures view self-disclosure diametrically. Some culturesview disclosing inner feelings as a weakness. Among some groups, for example, it would be considered out of place for a man to cry at a happy occasion much(prenominal) as a wedding, whereas in some Latin cultures that same display of emotion would go unnoticed. Similarly, its considered undesirable in Japan for workplace colleagues to reveal personal information, whereas in much of the United States its expected. Important similarities also exist across cultures.For example, people from Great Britain, Germany, the United States, and Puerto Rico are al l more apt to disclose personal informationhobbies, interests, attitudes, and opinions on politics and religionthan information on finances, sex, personality, or interpersonal relationships. Similarly, one study showed self-disclosure patterns mingled with American males to be virtually identical to those amidst Korean males. Your Gender The popular stereotype of gender differences in self-disclosure emphasizes males reluctance to speak about them.For the most part, research supports this view women do disclose more than men. Women disclose more than men about their precedent romantic relationships, their feelings for close same-sex friends, their greatest fears, and what they dont like about their partners. Women also increase the astuteness of their disclosures as a relationship becomes more intimate, whereas men seem not to change their self-disclosure levels. In addition, for women, there are fewer taboo topics. Finally, women self-disclose more to members of their extended families than men. One notable exception occurs in sign encounters.Here, men will disclose more intimate information than women, perhaps in order to bidding the relationships development. Still another exception may be found in a study of Americans and Argentineans here males indicated a significantly greater willingness to self-disclose than females. Your Listeners Self-disclosure occurs more readily in tenuous groups than in large groups. Dyads, or groups of two people, are the most hospitable setting for self-disclosure. With one listener you can monitor your disclosures, continuing if theres support from your listener and stopping if not.With more than one listener, such monitoring becomes difficult, because the listeners responses are sure to vary. Research shows that you disclose most to people you like and to people you trust. You also come to like those to whom you disclose. At times, self-disclosure occurs more in temporary than in permanent relationshipsfor example, bet ween strangers on a train or plane, in a kind of in-flight intimacy. In this situation two people establish an intimate, self-disclosing relationship during a brief period of travel, but they dont pursue the connection beyond that point.You are more likely to disclose when the person you are with discloses. This dyadic effect (what one person does, the other person also does) probably leads you to feel more desex and reinforces your own self-disclosing behavior. Disclosures are also more intimate when theyre made in response to the disclosures of others. This dyadic effect, however, is not universal across all cultures. For example, although Americans are likely to follow the dyadic effect and repay with explicit, verbal self-disclosure, Koreans arent.As you can appreciate, this easily results in intercultural differences for example, an American may be insulted if his or her Korean vis-a-vis doesnt reciprocate with self-disclosures that are similar in depth. Your Topic and Chann el You also are more likely to disclose about some topics than others. For example, youre more likely to self-disclose information about your ponder or hobbies than about your sex life or financial situation. Further, youre more likely to disclose favorable rather than unfavorable information. Generally, the more personal and negative the topic, the less likely you are to self-disclose.SELF DISCLOSURE REWARDS 1. Self-knowledge. One of the benefits of self-disclosure is that we gain new perspectives about themselves and a deeper understanding about our own behavior. In therapy, for example, views into the a good deal arise when the client is doing self-disclosure. Clients may be aware of aspects of behavior or relationships which have not know it. Because, through self-disclosure, we can understand ourselves in depth. 2. Ability to Overcome Difficulties. Another closely related assembly line is that we will be better able to overcome our problems or difficulties, in particular fee lings of guilt, through self-disclosure.One queen-sized fear is present in many people is that they are not environmentally acceptable because of a certain secret, because of something they once did, or because of certain feelings or attitudes they have. Because we believe that these things are the basis of rejection (rejection), we build a sense of guilt. By expressing such feelings and receive support, not rejection, we become better prepared to cope with feelings of guilt and perhaps reduce or even eliminate them altogether. 3. Even self-acceptance (self-acceptance) becomes difficult without self-disclosure.We accept ourselves largely through the eyes of others. If we feel other people reject us, we tend to deny ourselves as well. Through self-disclosure and supports that come, we put ourselves in a better position to capture the positive response to us, and we will be more likely to react by developing a positive self-concept. 4. Efficiency of Communication. Disclosure of self- improving communication. We understand the messages from other people as far as we understand most of the others individually. We can better understand what someone says if we know the better person.We can know what the meaning of certain nuances, if that person is being serious and when he was joking, and when he became sarcastic or when Im angry. Self-disclosure is a necessary condition to get to know other people. You can only examine a persons behavior or even live with him for years, but if that person never reveals himself, you do not understand the person as a whole person. 5. Depth Communications. Perhaps the main reason for the importance of self-disclosure is that it is necessary to foster a pregnant relationship between two people.Without self-disclosure, meaningful and deep relationships are not possible. Through self-disclosure, we tell others that we trust them, respect them, and they will care decorous and will link us to express ourselves to them. It then will make others want to open up and establish at least the beginning of a relationship that is meaningful, honest and open relationship and that relationship just improvise. SELF DISCLOSURE DANGERS In weighing any decision to self-disclosure, consider the potential dangers own(prenominal) RisksThe more you reveal about yourself to others, the more areas of your life you expose to possible attack. Especially in the agonistic context of work (or even romance), the more that others know about you, the more theyll be able to use against you Relationship Risks Even in close and long-lasting relationships, self-disclosure can cause problems. Parents, normally the most corroborative people in most individuals lives, frequently reject children who disclose their homosexuality, their plans to marry someone of a different race, or their belief in another faith.Your best friendsyour closest intimatesmay reject you for similar self-disclosures. schoolmaster Risks Sometimes self-disclosure may resul t in professional or material losses. Politicians who disclose that they have been in therapy may lose the support of their own political party and find that voters are unwilling to vote for them. Teachers who disclose disagreement with school administrators may find themselves being denied tenure, teaching undesirable schedules, and becoming victims of compute cuts. In the business world self-disclosures of alcoholism or drug addiction often result in dismissal, demotion, or social exclusion. Remember too that self-disclosure, like any other communication, is irreversible. You cannot self-disclose and then take it back. Nor can you erase the conclusions and inferences listeners make on the basis of your disclosures. Remember, too, to examine the rewards and dangers of self-disclosure in terms of particular cultural rules. As with all cultural rules, following the rules about self-disclosure brings approval, and violating them brings disapproval.